الأحد, أغسطس 2, 2026
الأحد, أغسطس 2, 2026
Home » الدروس السياسية والأخلاقية خلف “مغامرات تيليماك” لفينيلون

الدروس السياسية والأخلاقية خلف “مغامرات تيليماك” لفينيلون

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الأسقف الفرنسي الذي دفع ثمن انتقادات مبطنة لباني قصر فرساي

اندبندنت عربية \ إبراهيم العريس باحث وكاتب

عندما اختار الكاتب الفرنسي فرانسوا دي سالينياك، المعروف باسمه المختصر “فينيلون”، أواخر القرن الـ 17 أن يكتب نصاً سيعيش طويلاً كما سنرى، ليس حول يوليسيس كما جرت العادة، بل حول ابن هذا الأخير، تيليماك، هل كان في نيته أن يضع مؤلفاً في سيرة تلك الشخصية الإغريقية أم رواية مغامرات أم عملاً يوتيوبياً؟ أم تراه كان راغباً في أن يسخر وينتقد من سياسات الملك لويس الـ 14، لا سيما هدره المال العام؟ أم أنه كان ومن دون أن يدري يؤسس لتلك الأفكار التنويرية التي قامت عليها أفكار التنويريين الفرنسيين الذين مهدوا للثورة التي اندلعت بعد ذلك بأكثر من قرن من الزمن، لا سيما منهم “روسو” الذي ذكره مطولاً في كتابه “إميل أو التربية” أو “مونتيسكيو” الذي استلهمه في “حكايات فارسية”؟

في مطلق الأحوال من الواضح أن فينيلون لم يكن يسعى إلى معظم تلك الغايات، لكنه كان يعرف بالتأكيد لماذا وكيف حل عليه غضب “الملك الشمس” (لويس 14) فأمره بألا يبرح مركز أسقفيته الدينية في كامبراي التي كان مطرانها، وكف يده عن تربية حفيده الدوق دي بورغوني الذي وُضع النص أصلاً ضمن إطار تأديبه.

إرث نابوليون

كانت رواية فينيلون “مغامرات تيليماك” هذه في نهاية الأمر حدثاً بالغ الأهمية، حين صدرت في طبعة أولى من دون علم من مؤلفها في عام 1699، لتصدر خلال العام نفسه في ما لا يقل عن خمس طبعات وتصبح “أكثر الكتب مبيعاً” ومؤلفها لا يعرف عن ذلك شيئاً، والسلطات غاضبة مضطربة، لا سيما حين كانت الرواية تنشر خارج حدودها وتترجم إلى لغات عدة، بل حتى شعراً إلى اللاتينية، مشكّلة حالاً استثنائية في عالم النشر حينها.

وهنا لا بد من أن نذكر أن الرواية النهائية التي نعرفها اليوم لم تصدر للمرة الأولى إلا عام 1717 بعد وفاة فينيلون (1651 – 1715) بسنتين حاملة اسمه ولغته الخاصة، واستأنفت الرواية منذ ذلك الحين انتشارها إلى درجة أنها ستكون نصاً يورثه نابوليون الأول لخليفته نابوليون الثاني كما ستُترجم في عام 1862، حتى الى التركية، حيث يُرجح أنها كانت أول رواية أوروبية تترجم إلى تلك اللغة.

ابن يبحث عن أبيه

غير أن ما نتوقف عنده هنا، بين الأمور التي لا تُحصى والتي يمكننا التوقف عندها بصدد هذه الرواية أمران، أولهما الغضب الذي أثارته لدى لويس الـ 14 وجعلها من الأعمال الأدبية المغضوب عليها، وثانيهما أن جزءاً أساساً من أقسامها يدور بين مصر الفرعونية وصور الفينيقية، كما أن الرواية كلها بمختلف أقسامها تدور بين مناطق شرقي البحر الأبيض المتوسط، فهي في نهاية الأمر تتخذ حبكة لها، البحث الذي يقوم به تيليماك الشاب ابن يوليسيس، سعياً إلى العثور على أبيه الذي كان بدوره يقوم برحلة معاكسة في طريق عودته الى إيتاكا بعد خوضه الحروب البولوبونيزية، كما يصف هوميروس الأمر في ملحمتيه الكبيرتين.

ولكن تيليماك ليس وحيداً في رحلة بحثه بل تصحبه إلهة الحب “مينيرفا” المختبئة وراء قناع مؤدب للشاب يصحبه في حله وترحاله، محاولاً إخفاء غرام مينيرفا به، وهذا “المؤدب” يعيش مغامرات تيليماك معه متنقلاً من جزيرة إلى أخرى ومن مدينة إلى ثانية يحدثه طوال الطريق في دروس السياسة والتربية، وهي التي جعلت الكتاب يعتبر كتاباً سياسياً وكتاباً تربوياً، ولكن يعتبر أيضاً كتاباً معاصراً لزمن لويس الـ 14، وبالتالي لزمن فينيلون نفسه، يتخذ من تجوال الشاب الإيتاكي ستاراً يفضح من خلاله الممارسات السلطوية في فرنسا القرن الـ 17، ويصف في طريقه عوالم عدالة وازدهار ماضية، مما جعله هنا يُعتبر كتاباً يوتيوبياً، يحاكي أكثر كتب هذا النوع توقاً إلى العدالة والحكم النزيه.

انقلاب بين مصر وصور

في القسم الثاني من الكتاب وهو الأطول والأكثر أهمية إذاً، وبعد أن يكون تيليماك و”مؤدبه” (مينيرفا المتنكرة) وقعا بفعل عاصفة في جزيرة كاليبسو، وبدآ تجوالهما معاً، يتولى تيليماك بنفسه رواية الجزء الأول من مغامرته، مما يدفع حاكمة كاليبسو إلى تقديم مركب فينيقي له يعود به إلى مدينته.

غير أن أسطول الفرعون المصري “سيزوستريس” يأسر المركب المصنوع في صور ويقوده إلى مصر سجيناً مع “مؤدبه”، أما ما يتعرفان عليه في هذا البلد فيكون ثراؤه وحكمة سلطاته.

ولئن كانت هذه الحكمة تدفع الفرعون إلى تسليم أمر الأسيرين إلى القائد ميتوفيس فإن هذا سرعان ما يبيع “المؤدب” الى الإثيوبيين، فيما يجعل من تيليماك راعي غنم يتجول بقطيعه في “الواحة” ملقياً على الرعاة الآخرين دروساً في السياسة والأخلاق كان قد تلقاها من “مؤدبه”، ولاحقاً إذ يعلم الفرعون بالإنجازات التربوية التي يحققها تليماك بين الرعاة، يستعيده إلى عاصمة المُلك، واعداً إياه بتسهيل إعادته إلى إيتاكا.

لكن الفرعون يموت بشكل غير متوقع مما يؤخر عودة تيليماك إلى دياره، والأمر الذي سيمعن في تأخيره كذلك مقتل خليفة الفرعون بوخوريس في معارك تدور أمام مرأى تيليماك بين الفرعون الجديد وطائفة من المتآمرين يدعمهم الفينيقيون في محاولتهم الانقلابية.

العودة للديار ولكن

ينتصر بوخوريس في النهاية لكنه يصفح عن المقاتلين الفينيقيين ويعيدهم إلى صور وفي عدادهم تيليماك الذي يصل إلى هذه المدينة ملاحظاً ازدهارها ورفعة شأنها، ولو على حساب سكانها الذي جعل منهم محتلها القبرصي بيغماليون عبيداً بؤساء. وأمام هذا الواقع يحاول تيليماك، ما إن وصلت السفينة التي تقله إلى قبرص في طريقها إلى صور، أن يهرب، لكن بيغماليون الذي يراقب كل شيء، يتنبه إلى كونه أجنبياً فيحاول اعتقاله، بيد أن عشيقة بيغماليون آسترابي تتمكن من إنقاذه مبدلة إياه بشاب بريء لا علاقة له بالأمر، أما هو فيتمكن هنا من الوصول على متن مركب قبرصي إلى الجزيرة منتقلاً منها الى إيتاكا.

ولا بد من الإشارة الى أن تيليماك هو الذي يروي كل هذا الذي حدث معه، لكاليبسو في حضور “مؤدبه” الذي ينصحه هنا بأن يتباطأ في روايته وألا يندفع متحمساً تجاه ما يرويه، مما يجعل من النص هنا نوعاً من الدرس الأدبي إضافة الى مزاياه الأخرى.

كتاب الوجوه المتعددة

كما أشرنا أعلاه، عرف فينيلون كيف يجعل من هذا النص كتاباً ذا وجوه متعددة وغايات أكثر عدداً، ومن الواضح أن هذا ما جعل له سحره الذي حافظ عليه على مر الأزمنة، وجعله يُضم إلى تلك النصوص المؤسسة، غير أن غايات الكاتب الحقيقية لم تغب عن السلطات، لا سيما منها ذلك النقد المبطن إلى حد ما الذي تعمد الكاتب أن يوجهه إلى أحد أبرز “الإنجازات” التي ميزت عصر الملك لويس الـ 14: هدر الأموال والإنفاق من دون حذر على مشاريع وتجهيزات “لا طائل من ورائها”. ففي مكان ما من الكتاب يتحدث تيليماك عن مملكة “بيتيكا” التي يفيدنا أنها تقع على أطراف جزيرة أوجيجي التي تميز أهلها وحكامها بتواضعهم الموازي لازدهارهم وببساطة حياتهم ووداعة أخلاقهم وغياب الطمع الذي كان يمكن أن يقودهم إلى الصراعات والناتج من اهتمام فئة منهم بالبذخ على حساب فئة أخرى.

وهنا كان واضحاً أن فينيلون إنما يشير بهذا إلى البذخ الذي كان “الملك – الشمس” قد بذله من أموال الدولة والشعب لتشييد قصر فرساي المنيف والذي كان يُعتبر تحفة عمرانية في زمنه، في وقت كانت فرنسا تعاني فيه ضائقة اقتصادية تفاقمت إلى حدود غير معقولة.

والحال أن هذه الإشارة في حد ذاتها كانت كافية لاستثارة غضب السلطات، بخاصة وأن الكاتب تعمد أن يبث تلك الإشارة وغيرها من خلال مقارنة مبطنة بين تقشف سكان المملكة الخيالية وحكمة سلطاتها، وهو نفس ما فعله حين وصف مصر الفرعونية التي كان بذخها وازدهارها مبررين بفعل غناها المطلق، وكذلك حين تحدث عن صور الفينيقية التي لم ير مغبة في بذخها، وبين الأوضاع التي تعيشها فرنسا ولا تتحمل أي بذخ.

المزيد عن: الكتاب\فينيلون\لويس الرابع عشر\فرنسا\نابوليون\إقتباس مسرحي

 

 

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