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Home » ستة تحديات تنذر بفناء البشرية في المستقبل البعيد

ستة تحديات تنذر بفناء البشرية في المستقبل البعيد

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أندرس ساندبرغ / BBC

لم يعد التنبؤ بالمستقبل البعيد ضربا من المستحيل، ولا سيما في مجال الفيزياء الفلكية وعلم الكون.

فبإمكاننا مثلا الجزم بأن كسوفا شمسيا كاملا سيحدث في المملكة المتحدة يوم 23 سبتمبر/أيلول عام 2090، لأن القمر والشمس والأرض يتحركون في مدارات لا يحيدون عنها، ويمكن التنبؤ بها، فضلا عن أن قوانين الجاذبية موثوق بها. وقد تساعدنا أيضا قوانين الفيزياء الفلكية في التنبؤ بما سيحدث للكون أثناء توسعه.

وقد صاغ عالم الفلك مارتن ريس مصطلح “علم الآخرة الفيزيائي” للإشارة إلى استخدام الفيزياء الفلكية في التنبؤ بمصير الكون. واستلهم ريس المصطلح من علم اللاهوت، حيث يُعنى علم الأخرويات بدراسة مصائر البشر أو الأحداث الأخيرة التي تؤذن بنهاية العالم، ومن بحث أجراه فريمان دايسون عام 1979 عن الكوارث المحتملة التي تهدد بفناء البشرية في المستقبل، من موت الشمس إلى انفصال النجوم عن المجرات.

إذاً، ما هي التحديات الكبرى التي ستواجهها البشرية في حالة بقائها في المستقبل البعيد؟ وبينما لا يمكننا حتى الآن معرفة كيفية تفادي تهديدات المستقبل الكبرى، إلا أننا يمكننا الجزم بأنها ستحدث لا محالة.

التحدي الأول: هل سيكون البشر أكثر قدرة على التحمل مقارنة بالثدييات الأخرى

يقدر العلماء متوسط عمر أنواع الثدييات من بداية نشأتها وحتى انقراضها بنحو مليون عام. لكن ثمة مخاطر أخرى، مثل الحرب النووية والأوبئة الناتجة عن فيروسات معدلة وراثيا، قد تُعجل بفناء البشرية، ما لم نحد من مخاطرها بشكل عاجل.

GETTY IMAGES يقدر العلماء متوسط عمر أنواع الثدييات، من نشأتها حتى انقراضها، بنحو مليون عام، فهل يمكن أن يخالف البشر هذه التوقعات؟

وبخلاف معدل الانقراض الطبيعي والمخاطر الوجودية الأخرى التي فرضها البشر، توجد تحديات أخرى علينا مواجهتها.

في البداية، نحن نعيش الآن في حقبة فاصلة بين عصرين جليديين قد تنتهي بعد بضع آلاف من السنين. وقد تحمّل أسلافنا العصور الجليدية السابقة ربما لأنهم كانوا قبائل رُحل يعيشون على الصيد وجمع الثمار.

وقد نواجه أيضا تغيرات كبرى في الطقس بين العصور الجيولوجية المختلفة. فقد كان الطقس في بعض العصور أكثر دفئا أيضا مما هو عليه الآن، كما في عصر الإيوسين، حيث كانت درجات الحرارة أعلى بنحو 10 درجات مئوية، وكان القطب الشمالي مغطى بالنخيل وتعيش فيه التماسيح، أما المناطق الاستوائية فكانت شديدة الحرارة بحيث يتعذر على البشر العيش فيها. وفي بعض الحقب في الماضي السحيق، كانت الأرض جلّها مغطاة بالجليد.

وقد يواجه البشر أيضا مخاطر تزايد الأنشطة البركانية واصطدام النيازك بالأرض، وانفجارات أشعة غاما، أو اختلال التوازن البيئي الذي يؤدي إلى حدوث عمليات انقراض جماعية مرة كل 100 مليون عام تقريبا.

وربما يتغير شكل الإنسان بعد ما يزيد على ملايين السنين، فإن جيناتنا تتغير وتتحور باستمرار، كما يخضع البشر لقوانين الانتخاب الطبيعي- نظرا للتفاوت في الرعاية الصحية وموت البعض في حوادث طرق- ناهيك عن أن التكنولوجيا الحيوية أصبحت تتيح للبشر تعديل جيناتهم عمدا، كما تسمح التقنيات الحديثة للبشر بزرع أجهزة ورقائق في أجسامهم.

لكن الحضارات التي سيقيمها البشر في صورتهم المستقبلية بعد مليارات السنين، ستكون قادرة على الصمود في وجه الكوارث الكونية، والتخطيط مستقبلا للعصور الجيولوجية. وتكمن المفارقة في أن بقاء الجنس البشري على الأرض بعد فناء الثدييات الأخرى، سيكون مرهونا بتطوره، إذ يجب أن يكون شكل البشر مختلفا تماما عن شكلنا الحالي.

التحدي الثاني: نهاية المحيط الحيوي

بعد مليار عام، أو نحو ذلك، سيقضي توسع الشمس وزيادة سطوعها على المحيط الحيوي للأرض. فإن حرارة الشمس ستؤدي إلى زيادة وتيرة تآكل الصخور الذي يسبب بدوره تفاعلات كيميائية تسحب كميات كبيرة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الهواء، ومن ثم قد تموت النباتات بسبب نقص الكربون اللازم للتمثيل الضوئي.

وسترتفع حرارة كوكب الأرض، بسبب تبخر المياة من المحيطات في صورة بخار ماء، الذي يعد أحد الغازات المسببة للاحتباس الحراري.

GETTY IMAGES إن زيادة سطوع الشمس قد يسبب مشاكل خطيرة لأحفادنا

وقد اقترح بعض العلماء العديد من الطرق لحماية المحيط الحيوي، من بينها الاستعانة بهندسة المناخ عن طريق ضخ رذاذ عاكس إلى طبقة الجو العليا (الستراسوفير)، أو بناء مظلة ضخمة بين الأرض والشمس، أو إزاحة كوكب الأرض بعيدا عن الشمس.

وذهب آخرون إلى استيطان كواكب أخرى، فقد أصبح من الممكن إقامة مستوطنات بشرية في الفضاء تحقق الاكتفاء الذاتي. وحتى لو كان إنشاء المباني على أسطح الكواكب الأخرى يبدو صعبا الآن، فإن أمامنا مليار عام لنجتهد ونزداد مهارة وثراء.

التحدي الثالث: موت الشمس

بعد خمسة مليارات عام، سيزداد توهج الشمس بوتيرة أسرع، لأن غاز الهيليوم المتراكم في جوفها سيعمل على تسخينها حتى تتحول إلى نجم أحمر عملاق، أو ما يسمى بالنجم المحتضر. وستنخفض درجة الحرارة السطحية، لكن الضوء الذي يشع منها سيغطي مساحات أكبر بمراحل نظرا لضخامة حجمها. ومن المرجح أن تبتلع الشمس أثناء تمدد سطحها الخارجي، كوكب الأرض، وحتى لو لم تبتلعه ستحرقه أشعتها المتوهجة ويتحول إلى صخرة صماء.

وبعد مليار عام أو نحو ذلك، ستتخلص الشمس من غلافها الجوي في صورة سديم غازي وتتحول إلى قزم أبيض صغير.

ولن يتمكن البشر أو غيرهم من الكائنات الذكية من البقاء إلا إذا انتقلوا إلى الأنظمة الشمسية المجاورة، لأن هذا الكوكب القزم الأبيض لن يشع ضوءا ولا طاقة تكفي لدعم الحياة في هذا النظام الشمسي.

وسيتطلب الوصول إلى الأنظمة الشمسية المجاورة مركبات فضائية سريعة للغاية، قد تكون على الأرجح المركبات الفضائية الدقيقة التي تعرف بـ “الروبوت النانوي” نسبة إلى تكنولوجيا النانو. وبدلا من استخدام طاقة هائلة لدفع سفن نجمية عملاقة، قد يكون من الأفضل إرسال هذه السفن الصغيرة باستخدام الأشرعة العاكسة وأشعة الليزر القوية. ومن الممكن إرسال الآلاف منها، لحمل المقومات الجينية اللازمة لدعم مظاهر الحياة في الأنظمة الشمسية الأخرى.

وبمجرد أن تصل أجهزة الروبوت إلى أحد الكويكبات في النظام الشمسي، ستشغل أنظمة جمع أشعة الشمس وتنقب عن المواد وتبني أجهزة روبوت أخرى ومصانع. وفي النهاية ستبني مستوطنة تصلح ليعيش فيها البشر.

GETTY IMAGES قد يكون استيطان الفضاء هو فرصة البشر للبقاء على المدى الطويل

وقد لا يغادر البشر أنفسهم النظام الشمسي، ولهذا يتساءل البعض عن شكل الجنس البشري أو ربما الجنس الجديد الذي سيعمر الكون مستقبلا.

التحدي الرابع: نهاية النجوم

بلغ معدل تكوين النجوم في الكون ذروته بالفعل، وبعد بضع عشرات من الملايين من السنوات ستختفي النجوم المتوهجة وقصيرة العمر، بينما ستبقى نجوم حمراء قزمة خافتة طويلة العمر، وستلمع هذه النجوم لتريليونات السنوات، لكن نشاط تكوين النجوم سيتراجع، وحتى هذه النجوم الحمراء القزمة ستختفي ولن يحل محلها غيرها. ولكي ينجو البشر، سنحتاج لمصادر طاقة بديلة لضوء النجوم.

ويقترح علماء بعض الاحتمالات للنجاة، منها توليد الطاقة عن طريق تفاعلات الاندماج النووي باستخدام الهيدروجين المنبعث من الأجرام السماوية التي تسمى النجوم القزمة البنية والكواكب الغازية، أو التخلص من القرص الغازي المحيط بالثقب الأسود وتجميع الطاقة المنبعثة منه، أو الاستفادة من دوران الثقب الأسود مباشرة باستخدام ما يعرف باسم قنابل الثقوب السوداء فائقة الإشعاع.

لكن كل هذا يتطلب مشروعا هندسيا عملاقا. لكن المشكلة تكمن في أن تفاعلات الانشطار النووي قد تتوقف عند نضوب النظائر المشعة التي ينتجها عادة اندماج النجوم النترونية، والشموس الضخمة المتفجرة (المعروفة أيضا باسم المستعرات العظمى). وستنفد أيضا الطاقة الحرارية الجوفية عند اضمحلال النظائر المشعة، مما قد يجعل درجة حرارة الصخور تتراجع بوضوح.

وستتكيف الكائنات الحية مع درجات الحرارة المنخفضة والبيئات غير المألوفة، حيث قد تصل درجة الحرارة إلى الصفر المطلق. وعندما تختفي النجوم، ستلجأ الكائنات التي تعيش على الكربون وأجهزة الروبوت إلى عوالم افتراضية أكبر وأكثر تعقيدا من العالم الخارجي.

التحدي الخامس: نهاية المجرات

قد تؤدي حركة النجوم العشوائية على مدار الزمن إلى تلاشي المجرات. فالنجوم تمر بمحاذاة بعضها بعضا وتتغير سرعاتها بشكل عشوائي. وفي بعض الأحيان، يصل النجم إلى سرعة الهروب التي تتيح له الإفلات من جاذبية المجرة ويختفي في الفضاء الشاسع، وهذا يؤدي إلى زيادة كثافة المجرة.

وبعد مئات الملايين من السنين، ستتناثر المجرة بأكملها أو تسقط في الثقب الأسود المركزي، وستصطدم الكواكب حول النجوم ببعضها.

وقد يحتاج البشر للنجاة من هذه الكوارث إلى توجيه النجوم ووضعها على مدارات ثابتة على المدى الطويل.

هذا الاقتراح ليس مستحيلا في الوقت الحالي، إذا وضعنا أدوات أو مرايا عاكسة ضخمة، حتى تعمل الأشعة التي تعكسها على دفع النجوم، بنفس قوة المحركات الضعيفة للصواريخ، لتتحرك بمحاذاة بعضها بعضا بشكل منضبط. وإذا غيرت النجوم مواقعها على المدارات، قد تستخدم تلك المرايا العاكسة الضخمة لدفع النجوم الأخرى وتغيير مسارها.

GETTY IMAGES بعد عشرات المليارات من السنين ستختفي النجوم المتوهجة وقصيرة العمر، بينما ستتبقى نجوم حمراء قزمة خافتة طويلة العمر

التحدي السادس: نهاية المادة

تتألف المادة من ذرات تتكون من بروتونات ونترونات وإلكترونات. ومن المعروف أن البروتونات والإلكترونات مستقرة تماما- وتعمل البروتونات على تثبيت النيترونات التي تضمحل بمفردها في دقائق معدودة.

لكن الكثير من النظريات الفيزيائية تقول إن البروتونات ليست مستقرة، وتتنبأ بأنها ستضمحل على فترات زمنية هائلة، قد تستغرق تريليونات السنوات، في حالة حدوثها. وحتى الآن لم يلحظ أحد انحلال البروتون، رغم جهود بعض الأبحاث الجريئة.

وهذا الاضمحلال سيؤذن بنهاية المادة كما نعرفها. إذ ستتحول النجوم والكواكب ببطء إلى إشعاع وإلكترونات حرة ومضاداتها التي تسمى بوزيترون، ولن تكون قادرة على تكوين أنظمة بيئية صالحة للعيش.

وستتحول آخر النجوم القزمة الصغيرة الباردة تدريجيا إلى بلورات الهيليوم والهيدروجين التي تتبخر ببطء وسط السكون الذي يسود الكون. ولن يتبقى شيء في الكون سوى إشعاعات وثقوب سوداء.

أما عن سبل النجاة، فكما يقول الروائي إسحاق عظيموف، في قصته القصيرة “السؤال الأخير”: “لا يوجد حتى الآن ما يكفي من البيانات للحصول على إجابة شافية”.

يمكنك قراءة الموضوع الأصلي على موقع BBC Future

المزيد عن : الفلك/الفضاء الخارجي/فنون/استكشاف الفضاء

 

 

 

 

 

 

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