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ديل سول)، كان بالأحرى نوعاً من برنامج عمل سياسي قيد التنفيذ، وسيدفع معظم سنوات حياته سجناً مقابل إطلاقه ذلك المشروع. سيمضي كامبانيلا 27 عاماً في الزنازين البابوية الإيطالية حتى قبل أن يصوغ المشروع، إذ اتهم بالمشاركة في انتفاضة اندلعت في كالابريا بالجنوب الإيطالي عام 1599، فأودع السجن. وهناك بدلاً من أن يستسلم لمصيره أو يعلن توبته، دبج ذلك الكتاب المدهش الذي سرعان ما اعتبر في مقدمة “اليوتوبيات” المتحدثة عن المدن الفاضلة. من أفلاطون إلى هوبس منذ بداية كتابه يوضح كامبانيلا أنه يدين بمعظم الأفكار التي عبر عنها فيه إلى لأفلاطون كما إلى توماس هوبس. ولعل هذا الدين هو الذي يضع “مدينة الشمس” في مكان يبعد بعض الشيء عن اليوتوبيات التي عرفها تاريخ الفكر. فهذه، وبصورة عامة، كانت تموضع اليوتوبيا في مكان خيالي، أو بالتحديد في اللامكان، تبعاً للمعنى الحرفي لكلمة يوتوبيا نفسها. أما أفلاطون وهوبس فمشروع كل منهما يقوم في مكان محدد: في أثينا كما كان أفلاطون يتخيلها ويريدها، ثم فشل في تحقيقها كما صورها في “الجمهورية” كما في “الشرائع”، وكما كان يريد بناءها في سراغسطة بصقلية بحسب ما يستفاد من “رسالته السابعة” الشهيرة. وفي إنجلترا المعاصرة لهوبس بالنسبة إلى هذا الأخير، وكما يحدد لنا بنفسه في كتابه “الليفياتان” الذي يهتم بتصوير دولة المواطنين الواقعية لا بأي دولة خيالية. من سيلان البعيدة ولأن كامبانيلا كان صاحب مشروع سياسي حقيقي يقوم، كما سنرى على فكر عملي يمزج بين المسيحية الأولى، مسيحية السيد المسيح تحديداً، وبين نزعة شيوعية مؤنسنة تجعل كل الخيرات والإمكانات في متناول الجميع، لم يكن من المنطقي اعتبار مشروعه خيالياً، بل هو مشروع يقترب إلى حد كبير من مشروع القديس فرنسيس الأسيزي في الوقت الذي يستلهم فيه واقعية المشروع الأفلاطوني وصرامة مشروع مور. ومن هنا لم يكن بعيداً من الصواب أن يموضع كامبانيلا مدينته الفاضلة في موقع جغرافي حقيقي هو جزيرة سيلان، المعروفة اليوم بسريلانكا، حتى من دون أن يكون قد زارها. ففي نهاية الأمر ليست تلك الجزيرة هنا سوى مجاز يرمز إلى أي مكان يمكن أن تقوم فيه تلك الدولة الحلم مؤمنة رفاه سكانها وسعادتهم عبر عدالة اجتماعية ومساواة تامة تلغي التوزع الطبقي والملكية الفردية وكل أشكال استغلال واضطهاد الإنسان لأخيه الإنسان. مدينة الأسوار السبعة من الناحية الطوبوغرافية وصف كامبانيلا “مدينة الشمس” بكونها تقع وسط الجزيرة ومن حول هضبة مرتفعة تحيط بها لتحميها وتعزلها عن شرور العالم الخارجي ومطامع أبنائه، سبعة أسوار متتالية يحيط كل واحد منها بسور يقع داخله. وبعد عبور تلك الأسوار السبعة يصل المرء هنا إلى قلب المدينة التي تتوزع أحياؤها متشابهة متساوية من حول أعلى الهضبة التي يتوسطها قصر منيف ضخم يقيم فيه الحاكم الميتافيزيقي الأعلى الذي يساعده في عمله ثلاثة معاونين تطلق عليهم أسماء ذات دلالة: القوة والحكمة والحب. ولعل ما يجب ملاحظته داخل القصر أن قاعاته وجدرانه مزينة كلياً برسوم ضخمة زاهية الألوان تعبر تماماً عن تلك الأقانيم الثلاثة التي يمثل كل من المعاونين واحدة منها. ومن المنطقي أن نلاحظ في هذا السياق كيف أن الكاتب ينفق صفحات كثيرة يكرسها لتوصيف المهمات التي يقوم بها كل واحد من هؤلاء المعاونين من الذين يبدو واضحاً أنه يكاد يهتم بهم أكثر من اهتمامه بالحاكم نفسه، بحيث يخيل إلينا في نهاية الأمر أن الحاكم إنما هو مجرد رمز لوحدة المدينة فيما تناط المهمات العملية جميعاً بمعاونيه. ولئن كنا هنا في مجتمع إلهي مبني على الدين، فإن الأساس العملي للحياة يقوم على أمرين أساسيين هما العلم والاقتصاد. فالعلم المرتبط مباشرةً بالعناية الإلهية المرتبطة بدورها بالأمور الفلكية وتقلبات المواسم، أما الاقتصاد فمشاعي كما أسلفنا يخص كل فرد من أفراد هذا المجتمع. وتقوم مهمة المعاونين الثلاثة على ضبط التوزيع العادل، بينما تقوم مهمة العناية الإلهية على ضبط الفصول وتقلباتها. ومن هنا، لأن الشمس هي أساس تلك التقلبات وحركة الأفلاك وتواصلية الزراعة والمنتوجات الغذائية وغير الغذائية، ارتبطت الألوهية نفسها بالشمس وسميت المدينة مدينة الشمس. وفي مدينة الشمس بالتالي ينهل السكان جوهرهم وقوتهم من رصدهم للشمس واندماجهم المباشر بالعناية الإلهية التي ترمز إلى تلك الشمس نفسها، ولكن عبر أقانيم القوة والعلم والحب الضابطة دائماً لسلوكهم. بين النظرية والتطبيق ولعل ما يمكن أن يكون قد أخذ على كامبانيلا في مشروعه الأفلاطوني هذا وأورده وأفكاره موارد الهلاك، كان إيمانه “النضالي” بأن هذا المشروع لن يساوي شيئاً إن هو لم ينتقل من حيز النظرية إلى حيز التنفيذ العملي. وهنا في هذا السياق، وصولاً إلى تنفيذ المشروع، لا بد في رأي كامبانيلا، من البدء في التخريب والتدمير قبل البناء، حيث نجده يكتب حرفياً 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