Medical News Today \ Written by Jeanna D. Smiley on August 22, 2021 — Fact checked by Anna Guildford, Ph.D.
- Multiple studies indicate that COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease,Trusted Source transferred from animals to humans.
- A recent paper supports the argument that the pandemic is more likely to have begun in a marketplace than in a laboratory.
- Interestingly, the authors also discuss whether African swine fever might have played a role in the spillover event that led to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Researchers at the University of Glasgow in the United Kingdom recently took a fresh look at how the COVID-19 pandemic arose in China.
Their findings confirm earlier work pointing to an “intermediate animal host” that may have introduced SARS-CoV-2 to humans.
The paper also discusses the possibility that an African swine fever outbreak helped create a situation that gave pathogens more opportunities to jump from animals to humans.
Spyros Lytras is a graduate student at the University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research. He and his co-authors published their perspective piece in the journal Science.
SARS begins in Foshan
The current article kicks off in 2002, discussing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which emerged in Foshan, Guangdong Province, China, and spread to 29 other countries.
More than 8,000 people contracted SARS-CoV before public health measures halted its progress in 2003.
Experts tied the virus’ origin to live market animals.
Horseshoe bats and civet cats
In 2005, researchers discovered that horseshoe bats in China were harboring SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs).
They speculated “that a [SARSr-CoV] circulating in horseshoe bats seeded the progenitor of SARS-CoV in an intermediate animal host.”
Scientists looked at badgers, civet cats, and raccoon dogs as possible carriers of the virus. They pinpointed civet cats as the most likely transmitters.
Virologists hypothesized that a civet cat could have been exposed to a SARSr-CoV before capture. An alternative theory suggests a captive civet cat may have contracted the virus from bats foraging in markets.
Unplugging the lab-leak myth
In 2019, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, appeared in Wuhan city, China. Some implicated the Wuhan Institute of Virology as the source of the pandemic.
Indeed, Wuhan is over 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) away from Yunnan Province, the nearest known site of naturally occurring SARSr-CoV collected from horseshoe bats.
Further, those Yunnan-collected viruses were “highly divergent from the SARS-CoV-2 progenitor.”
In their paper, the authors cast doubt on the focus on bat colonies in Yunnan. They explain that the geographical range of horseshoe bats is wide — from East to West China and beyond. They also explain that further sampling has identified other coronaviruses that are genetically close to SARS-CoV-2 circulating in horseshoe bats.
Wet markets and spillovers
The first SARS-CoV-2 cases detected in late 2019 had links to wet marketsTrusted Source in Wuhan.
November and December 2019 also saw “multiple animal-market-associated spillover events.” The paper explains that “[t]he emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has properties that are consistent with a natural spillover.”
Among several live animal species sold in Wuhan markets, raccoon dogs, civet cats, foxes, and minks are susceptible to SARS-related viruses.
Lytras and his colleagues conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic stems from human contact with live animals that carried the virus.
African swine fever
The paper also conjectures that changes to China’s meat supply may have played a role in spreading SARS-CoV-2.
African swine fever is a hemorrhagic fever that is often fatal in pigs but does not harm humans. In 2018, a significant outbreak of African swine fever led to a cull of 150 million pigs. This led to a shortage of pork products and soaring prices the following year.
Although the production and sale of meat from other farmed animals, such as cows and chickens, increased, it was not enough to make up for the shortage in pork.
The authors of the new article theorize that as a result, “food consumers and producers may have resorted to alternative meats, including farmed or captured wildlife, especially in Southern China where wildlife is traditionally consumed.”
This perspective states: “The resulting increased trade of susceptible farmed animals and wildlife could have brought humans into more frequent contact with meat products and animals infected with zoonotic pathogens, including SARSr-CoVs.”
At the same time, in an effort to reduce live pig transportation, the Chinese government introduced financial incentives to carry frozen pork. This, the authors of the paper argue, may have encouraged the transport of other species, which are susceptible to SARSr-CoV infection.
The exact animal source of SARS-CoV-2, though, is still unknown.
The paper’s limitations
Dr. Jonathan Stoye is a renowned virologist and Senior Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute in the U.K. In an interview with Medical News Today, Dr. Stoye remarked that this paper provides “an excellent summary of the devices supporting the case that the introduction of [COVID-19] to humans involved an intermediate host.”
The virologist, who was not involved with this paper, noted that the authors’ conclusion was similar to the WHO-convened studyTrusted Source published in February 2021. As such, he saw “nothing original” in this work.
Dr. Stoye cautioned that this perspective “doesn’t prove a transfer from bats to humans.”
He was, however, intrigued by the author’s theory that a pork shortage might have provided fertile ground for a spillover event; this possibility has not received much attention.
Call to ‘amplify surveillance’
Scientists expect to see new SARS-CoV variants emerge. The University of Glasgow researchers say that the discovery of these variants and other SARS-related viruses underscores the importance of “monitoring coronavirus diversity.”
In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued recommendations to reduce the animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in live markets.
These guidelines include general hygiene methods and avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked animal products from such markets.
The WHO also asks veterinarians to report unusual incidents involving market animals.
Hope for a minimized threat
The authors worry that now humans are the “dominant SARS-CoV-2 host species,” we could be transmitting coronaviruses back to animals. This process of reverse zoonosis seems to have occurred among white-tailed deer in the United States.
However, in his interview, Dr. Stoye predicted a “gradual lessening” of the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This appears to be happening among areas with higher vaccinations.
As with many virologists and immunologistsTrusted Source, he expects that SARS-CoV-2 and its variants will meet the same fate as the first SARS-CoV — gradually posing less danger over time.
For live updates on the latest developments regarding the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, click here.
medicalnewstoday
337 comments
I am really impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your
blog. Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself?
Either way keep up the excellent quality writing, it is rare to see a nice blog like this one these days.
We’re a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community.
Your site offered us with valuable info to work on. You have done an impressive job and
our whole community will be thankful to you.
My partner and I absolutely love your blog and find many of your post’s to be precisely what I’m
looking for. Does one offer guest writers to write content in your case?
I wouldn’t mind producing a post or elaborating on some
of the subjects you write related to here. Again, awesome blog!
에볼플레이 먹튀검증 안전노리터
digoxin 250 mg for sale purchase lanoxin online molnunat over the counter
buy digoxin 250mg pill cost molnupiravir 200mg cost molnunat 200 mg
order coreg online cheap buy amitriptyline 10mg without prescription elavil 50mg over the counter
order amoxicillin 1000mg pills order stromectol 3mg for sale ivermectin 4 mg
order alendronate generic cost furadantin 100mg motrin 600mg cost
buy nortriptyline paroxetine sale buy paxil 10mg
buy indomethacin 75mg generic buy cenforce 100mg generic order cenforce sale
cost pepcid 20mg order remeron 30mg generic remeron ca
requip pill calcitriol 0.25mg brand order generic trandate 100mg
tadacip ca tadacip generic trimox 500mg cost
fenofibrate us purchase viagra online cost of viagra 100mg
esomeprazole 20mg ca purchase biaxin generic brand lasix 100mg
tadalafil 10mg cost viagra 25mg for sale viagra for sale
order generic minocin buy minocycline 50mg for sale terazosin price
buy generic tadalafil buy erectile dysfunction drugs over the counter over the counter ed pills that work
glycomet 1000mg pill tamoxifen 20mg generic purchase nolvadex for sale
modafinil usa purchase modafinil pills promethazine 25mg without prescription
purchase clomid generic clomid 100mg oral order prednisolone 10mg pill
prednisone 10mg uk accutane 40mg drug oral amoxicillin 250mg
buy accutane 20mg buy ampicillin pills ampicillin 250mg cheap
brand fildena finasteride without prescription buy finasteride 1mg generic
order generic accutane buy amoxil 500mg for sale zithromax 250mg sale
albuterol 2mg cost buy levoxyl tablets order augmentin 625mg for sale
order provigil 100mg pill provigil 200mg sale lopressor 100mg oral
buy prednisolone online cheap furosemide 100mg brand buy lasix online
order vibra-tabs without prescription order vibra-tabs acyclovir 800mg cost
order ditropan online buy oxcarbazepine generic oxcarbazepine 300mg generic
buy cefdinir 300mg online cheap purchase prevacid without prescription cost protonix 20mg
buy zocor pill phenergan tablet purchase sildalis online cheap
order dapsone generic asacol 400mg generic tenormin 100mg cheap
order sildenafil 50mg for sale sildenafil 200mg cialis pills 20mg
cost alfuzosin 10 mg order diltiazem online cheap diltiazem price
promethazine for sale online buy provigil 200mg generic tadalafil 10mg
ezetimibe buy online purchase methotrexate without prescription buy methotrexate 2.5mg generic
levofloxacin where to buy order actigall without prescription purchase zyban pills
buy cheap coumadin buy coumadin 2mg generic buy zyloprim 300mg generic
purchase zyrtec generic order zoloft 50mg generic buy zoloft pill
cenforce 50mg without prescription cenforce pills cost glycomet
lexapro 10mg pill prozac online buy revia without a prescription
atorvastatin 40mg pill buy viagra tablets real viagra sites
oral femara female viagra sildenafil australia
cialis pills tadalafil 20mg oral erectile dysfunction medicines
purchase tadalafil generic cialis 40mg cost ed pills gnc
ivermectin 3mg pills for humans prednisone 20mg pills buy isotretinoin 10mg pill
buy modafinil 200mg online buy promethazine 25mg for sale prednisone 20mg canada
buy amoxil 250mg for sale purchase prednisolone online cheap cost prednisolone
order accutane 40mg online buy accutane 20mg online cheap azithromycin 250mg sale
cheap neurontin without prescription order gabapentin 600mg pills buy vibra-tabs generic
ventolin inhalator us purchase albuterol generic buy levothyroxine without a prescription
prednisolone 10mg us prednisolone online oral furosemide 100mg
order doxycycline 200mg generic order amoxiclav for sale buy augmentin generic
atenolol price atenolol usa purchase femara without prescription
oral synthroid 75mcg order clomid sale buy vardenafil 20mg sale
generic albenza cost aripiprazole purchase medroxyprogesterone for sale
glucophage 500mg tablet cost metformin 1000mg buy amlodipine 10mg generic
buy lisinopril 5mg without prescription purchase omeprazole pill lopressor ca
buy pregabalin online cheap claritin 10mg usa priligy online order
oral methotrexate 5mg buy cheap medex metoclopramide 10mg ca
buy orlistat 120mg online purchase acyclovir sale zyloprim 100mg tablet
buy generic cozaar over the counter cheap losartan 50mg purchase topiramate online cheap
crestor for sale order generic ezetimibe 10mg order motilium 10mg online cheap
imitrex online order imitrex 50mg uk buy avodart 0.5mg online
sumycin brand buy baclofen cheap lioresal uk
cheap toradol gloperba cheap inderal 10mg over the counter
ranitidine cost mobic pills celecoxib 200mg uk
plavix 75mg cheap brand ketoconazole 200mg order nizoral
bystolic for sale online buy nebivolol 5mg generic clozapine 100mg ca
buy nateglinide 120 mg pill purchase candesartan sale oral candesartan 16mg
cialis 5mg price Order viagra us buy viagra 50mg for sale
duricef 250mg canada order cefadroxil 250mg without prescription buy propecia 5mg online cheap
estrace tablet lamotrigine order online prazosin sale
buy fluconazole online cheap ciprofloxacin pill buy cipro medication
buy vermox no prescription buy tadalis 10mg online cheap buy tadalis 10mg online
order metronidazole 400mg pill flagyl 400mg ca cephalexin 250mg drug
avanafil us purchase tadacip pill buy diclofenac
how to buy clindamycin order cleocin sale non prescription ed pills
order indomethacin 50mg generic generic lamisil cefixime 200mg for sale
buy nolvadex generic cefuroxime 250mg tablet buy ceftin pills
trimox online buy buy cheap generic arimidex order biaxin 500mg online
order azipro pill azipro 250mg usa gabapentin 600mg drug
generic stromectol buy deltasone 5mg deltasone 40mg ca
buy cheap levitra zanaflex canada buy plaquenil 200mg pills
order ramipril 5mg generic etoricoxib generic buy etoricoxib 120mg online
purchase vardenafil online cheap vardenafil online buy plaquenil generic
asacol 800mg pill buy mesalamine 400mg generic order avapro 150mg generic
buy benicar for sale buy cheap generic verapamil depakote ca
purchase temovate generic order cordarone sale amiodarone online
coreg 25mg for sale cheap coreg 25mg order chloroquine generic
acetazolamide without prescription buy acetazolamide 250 mg sale imuran 50mg tablet
naproxen 250mg brand buy cheap generic prevacid buy prevacid 30mg sale
buy generic olumiant for sale order generic metformin buy lipitor 10mg pills
order albuterol 100 mcg sale oral pantoprazole 40mg order phenazopyridine 200mg pill
brand norvasc 5mg order amlodipine order generic omeprazole 20mg
order priligy 30mg for sale dapoxetine 30mg uk buy xenical
buy generic metoprolol for sale order atenolol 100mg pills medrol 8 mg pills
diltiazem 180mg price order diltiazem 180mg online cheap zyloprim 100mg uk
buy aristocort paypal order loratadine 10mg generic loratadine us
buy acillin sale ampicillin 500mg price flagyl brand
sumycin over the counter sumycin for sale online order lioresal online
bactrim canada cleocin 300mg pills order cleocin 150mg pills
buy erythromycin 250mg without prescription sildenafil 50mg us purchase nolvadex without prescription
budesonide uk cost ceftin 250mg bimatoprost brand
topamax 200mg price topiramate 100mg pills purchase levofloxacin for sale
purchase avodart ranitidine canada buy cheap mobic
buy celecoxib without a prescription buy celebrex generic buy zofran 8mg generic
order lamotrigine for sale order generic vermox buy prazosin 2mg for sale
retin cream oral tretinoin uk avana pills
tadalafil 20mg price order tadacip 10mg without prescription buy indocin 50mg without prescription
oral lamisil 250mg suprax 200mg pills amoxicillin 500mg cheap
buy depakote 250mg online cheap imdur drug purchase imdur online
order meclizine minocin cost minocycline 50mg sale
imuran cheap micardis 20mg over the counter buy telmisartan 80mg without prescription
gnc ed pills cheap sildenafil viagra medication
order molnupiravir for sale cost cefdinir order omnicef 300 mg sale
lansoprazole 15mg price proventil 100mcg oral cheap pantoprazole
can i buy ed pills over the counter sildenafil 50mg brand cheap cialis
buy pyridium no prescription symmetrel order online order symmetrel
buy cheap generic ed pills goodrx cialis order cialis 5mg without prescription
avlosulfon over the counter aceon over the counter perindopril 8mg without prescription
cheap cordarone 200mg carvedilol 25mg ca buy dilantin sale
avapro for sale online buspirone 10mg us buspar where to buy
buy albendazole 400 mg generic abilify 30mg cost purchase provera
order oxybutynin 5mg online order alendronate generic buy fosamax cheap
order biltricide 600mg pill cheap biltricide periactin sale
macrodantin 100mg usa buy generic nortriptyline purchase pamelor generic
luvox 50mg canada order nizoral 200mg sale purchase cymbalta without prescription
buy acetaminophen 500 mg for sale buy paroxetine 10mg pepcid sale
clomipramine 50mg ca itraconazole 100mg uk order progesterone 100mg online
prograf 1mg generic requip oral buy ropinirole 1mg without prescription
tindamax order online bystolic 20mg without prescription order bystolic 20mg online
calcitriol ca buy tricor pills for sale fenofibrate 200mg brand
epivir cost brand epivir buy quinapril
brand prozac 20mg naltrexone without prescription order femara 2.5 mg without prescription
order frumil clindamycin online order acivir order online
buy zebeta 10mg without prescription buy oxytetracycline 250mg for sale where can i buy oxytetracycline
buy valaciclovir 500mg pills famciclovir online buy floxin 200mg brand
purchase cefpodoxime without prescription flixotide price buy flixotide no prescription
levetiracetam 500mg for sale tobrex 5mg sale sildenafil next day delivery usa
zaditor 1 mg price buy imipramine medication order imipramine 75mg online cheap
cialis 10mg pill sildenafil over the counter viagra overnight shipping usa
acarbose 50mg ca order prandin 1mg griseofulvin cheap
buy mintop solution for sale order flomax generic buy ed pills best price
aspirin pill levofloxacin price purchase imiquimod online
dipyridamole 25mg us order dipyridamole without prescription pravachol ca
melatonin 3mg cost norethindrone 5 mg uk buy generic danocrine 100mg
florinef pills buy bisacodyl paypal imodium 2mg brand
buy imitrex 25mg online levaquin 250mg over the counter buy avodart generic
buy essay paper pay to do assignment free online blackjack
generic trimox 500mg purchase trimox generic cheap clarithromycin 250mg
rocaltrol brand fenofibrate 200mg cheap buy tricor 200mg pills
brand clonidine 0.1mg oral catapres 0.1 mg buy spiriva 9 mcg generic
best acne medication for men best pills to treat acne purchase oxcarbazepine pill
buy minocycline capsules minocin 50mg cheap order ropinirole 2mg for sale
alfuzosin buy online uroxatral 10mg ca can you get zofran over the counter
brand femara 2.5 mg generic albenza 400mg aripiprazole canada
strong sleeping pills for sale weekly weight loss injections uk online doctor weight loss medication
provera for sale buy microzide paypal how to buy microzide
cyproheptadine 4 mg pills cost nizoral 200mg oral ketoconazole 200 mg
acyclovir prescription online diabetic pills for humans best generic diabetes drugs
buy cymbalta tablets glucotrol without prescription buy modafinil for sale
strongest antifungal herb fungus clear customer reviews list high blood pressure medications
promethazine brand buy phenergan pills for sale buy ivermectin 3 mg online
erosions and erythema in stomach buy blood pressure tablets online gram negative bacilli antibiotic coverage
buy prednisone 20mg pill where to buy prednisone without a prescription order amoxil 500mg generic
azithromycin 500mg pills cost zithromax 500mg order neurontin 600mg generic
sucralfetprin stomach coating medication anti nausea over the counter antiflatulent drug names
order urso actigall pills buy cetirizine pills
atomoxetine without prescription cost seroquel 50mg purchase sertraline
order furosemide 40mg without prescription furosemide 100mg oral order albuterol 4mg generic
brand escitalopram 10mg purchase naltrexone pill brand naltrexone 50mg
augmentin 1000mg oral clomid 50mg canada order serophene without prescription
where to buy combivent without a prescription buy zyvox 600mg generic order linezolid 600 mg sale
duricef 500mg price lamivudine cost buy lamivudine sale
depo-medrol cost aristocort ca desloratadine order
buy cytotec 200mcg pills order misoprostol 200mcg generic buy diltiazem generic
buy piracetam 800mg online cheap anafranil 50mg price anafranil 25mg cheap
order zovirax generic buy crestor 20mg online buy crestor 20mg pills
buy sporanox 100 mg pills tindamax 300mg generic buy generic tinidazole online
ezetimibe 10mg cheap tetracycline ca sumycin 500mg cost
buy flexeril generic toradol 10mg over the counter buy toradol 10mg pill
order colchicine 0.5mg for sale order generic methotrexate 5mg buy methotrexate pills
prescription meds for acne teenagers order cleocin 150mg permanent acne removal treatment
is claritin stronger than benadryl order zaditor 1 mg online cheap claritin allergy sinus 12hr costco
medicine for sharp stomach pain oral lincocin 500mg
get sleep medication online buy phenergan 25mg
prednisone 5mg us prednisone 10mg usa
order zithromax 500mg generic order zithromax without prescription azithromycin 250mg pill
oral gabapentin 600mg order neurontin 800mg online cheap
buy azithromycin 500mg for sale azipro 250mg pill order azithromycin pills
purchase lasix generic buy furosemide sale diuretic
amoxicillin 500mg us order amoxil 500mg online order amoxil 500mg sale
order doxycycline 100mg generic cost monodox
albuterol usa order generic ventolin albuterol sale
augmentin 375mg canada clavulanate where to buy
generic serophene clomiphene 50mg ca clomid order online
rybelsus 14 mg generic semaglutide where to buy buy rybelsus generic
prednisone 20mg generic deltasone 20mg price deltasone 10mg ca
rybelsus 14mg brand semaglutide 14 mg usa semaglutide 14 mg uk
isotretinoin 40mg drug accutane over the counter isotretinoin 20mg oral
albuterol ca albuterol online albuterol online
buy amoxil 500mg sale buy amoxicillin online cheap buy amoxicillin 500mg pills
buy amoxiclav pills cheap augmentin 1000mg augmentin 625mg cost
azithromycin sale buy azithromycin pills buy zithromax generic
buy synthroid online cheap buy synthroid 100mcg sale levothyroxine ca
buy omnacortil for sale omnacortil sale buy prednisolone 20mg without prescription
order generic clomid 50mg clomiphene 50mg uk order clomid 50mg pill
order gabapentin online cheap generic neurontin 600mg brand neurontin 100mg
sildenafil viagra purchase sildenafil pills order sildenafil 50mg online
buy furosemide 100mg furosemide 40mg cost lasix oral
rybelsus 14 mg brand order rybelsus 14 mg pill purchase rybelsus sale
purchase doxycycline where to buy doxycycline without a prescription doxycycline 200mg sale
glucophage cheap glucophage usa order generic metformin 500mg
amlodipine brand norvasc 5mg price buy cheap amlodipine
nexium 20mg uk order topamax 100mg pills topiramate 200mg without prescription
purchase flagyl pill – order azithromycin 500mg for sale order zithromax generic
buy valacyclovir generic – buy starlix for sale acyclovir pills
metronidazole 400mg uk – oral cefaclor 500mg zithromax sale
buy lasix 40mg generic – lasix oral buy captopril pills for sale
zidovudine 300 mg canada – order allopurinol generic buy allopurinol 300mg pills
quetiapine 50mg generic – order effexor generic how to buy eskalith
buy clomipramine 25mg pill – doxepin online buy doxepin 75mg for sale
atarax without prescription – buy endep 10mg pills endep online
order amoxil online – cefuroxime 250mg generic cipro 1000mg drug
buy generic clindamycin – buy oxytetracycline for sale cheap chloromycetin without prescription
ivermectin 3mg otc – order cefaclor 500mg for sale cefaclor pill
albuterol 2mg cheap – promethazine order online buy theophylline generic
brand clarinex 5mg – flixotide cost best antihistamine for runny nose
buy depo-medrol paypal – cetirizine ca order azelastine 10ml generic
order micronase pills – glyburide where to buy order dapagliflozin 10 mg without prescription
order repaglinide generic – order prandin without prescription generic empagliflozin 25mg
glucophage online buy – purchase losartan for sale acarbose 25mg us
buy terbinafine 250mg online – order lamisil without prescription grifulvin v generic
buy rybelsus online cheap – buy cheap glucovance cost desmopressin
cheap nizoral 200 mg – lotrisone price buy generic sporanox
famvir brand – acyclovir 800mg generic order valcivir generic
lanoxin 250mg pills – purchase furosemide online cheap furosemide price
hydrochlorothiazide us – zebeta 10mg uk purchase zebeta pills
lopressor order – order micardis 20mg sale adalat 30mg oral
nitroglycerin medication – nitroglycerin over the counter diovan online buy
rosuvastatin online laugh – rosuvastatin pills thirteen caduet buy board
simvastatin somewhere – gemfibrozil figure lipitor ball
buy viagra professional magic – avana partner levitra oral jelly online announce
dapoxetine trade – aurogra lip cialis with dapoxetine bad
cenforce online mouth – levitra professional online lay brand viagra online ridge
brand cialis stun – apcalis gun penisole grin
cialis soft tabs online willow – valif pills key viagra oral jelly security
brand cialis delight – brand levitra desperate penisole mental
cialis soft tabs mood – cialis soft tabs truth viagra oral jelly online brow
cenforce online gentlemen – zenegra pills coach brand viagra online careful
asthma medication whoever – asthma medication shiver asthma treatment if
uti antibiotics science – uti medication notice uti antibiotics shall
prostatitis treatment platform – pills for treat prostatitis dusk prostatitis medications tumble
valtrex dismiss – valacyclovir online lawyer valacyclovir pills observe
loratadine mister – claritin curiosity loratadine medication rim
promethazine lofty – promethazine broomstick promethazine marry
clarithromycin petunia – ranitidine before cytotec chair
florinef burden – nexium support lansoprazole pills royal
generic bisacodyl 5 mg – buy liv52 20mg generic liv52 buy online
buy bactrim no prescription – order keppra 1000mg without prescription buy tobra 5mg generic
buy hydroquinone creams – buy dydrogesterone 10mg sale buy duphaston 10mg online
cheap forxiga 10 mg – doxepin 75mg canada precose generic
purchase fulvicin sale – buy lopid pills buy generic lopid 300mg
purchase zofran generic – generic zofran 8mg requip oral
ascorbic acid online – ferrous 100 mg uk prochlorperazine for sale online
purchase durex gel sale – buy durex gel xalatan price
cheap minoxidil without prescription – how to get rogaine without a prescription purchase proscar online
cheap leflunomide – buy arava pill order cartidin generic
order gasex for sale – buy cheap gasex buy diabecon paypal
lasuna usa – diarex pills himcolin where to buy
finasteride over the counter – buy sildenafil 100mg generic uroxatral us
trileptal buy online – buy synthroid 75mcg online cheap levoxyl tablet
where to buy imusporin without a prescription – colcrys 0.5mg usa cheap colchicine 0.5mg
buy cheap generic deflazacort – calcort for sale buy generic alphagan
gabapentin canada – ibuprofen usa azulfidine 500mg pills
besivance for sale – cheap sildamax pills cheap sildamax pills
benemid order online – order carbamazepine online oral carbamazepine
celebrex ca – buy flavoxate pills order indocin 50mg pills
buy colospa 135 mg pills – buy generic etoricoxib 60mg pletal where to buy
diclofenac generic – voltaren order online aspirin sale
order mestinon 60 mg generic – sumatriptan 25mg tablet azathioprine 25mg tablet
buy rumalaya generic – how to buy shallaki amitriptyline 50mg ca
buy baclofen 25mg – baclofen 25mg cheap order piroxicam 20mg generic
cheap voveran online – buy nimodipine generic buy nimotop tablets
periactin 4 mg us – cyproheptadine 4mg cost buy tizanidine 2mg generic
mobic drug – toradol buy online toradol cost
buy omnicef no prescription – cleocin uk buy clindamycin generic
buy generic artane – trihexyphenidyl order online emulgel order online
buy accutane online – purchase isotretinoin generic deltasone us
buy deltasone 40mg pills – prednisolone tablet buy elimite without prescription
acticin order – permethrin over the counter buy cheap generic tretinoin
order betnovate 20gm online cheap – purchase benoquin online cheap how to get benoquin without a prescription
metronidazole 200mg ca – buy cenforce 50mg without prescription cenforce usa
order augmentin without prescription – cheap augmentin 375mg synthroid cost
purchase hyzaar pills – order keflex generic buy cephalexin 125mg generic
cleocin 300mg usa – order cleocin 150mg generic order indomethacin 75mg online
crotamiton where to buy – buy aczone gel purchase aczone for sale
provigil 200mg cheap – phenergan online buy meloset 3mg sale
bupropion 150 mg pill – shuddha guggulu online buy shuddha guggulu for sale online
purchase capecitabine without prescription – danazol 100 mg usa order danazol for sale
buy generic progesterone – order clomiphene 100mg generic cheap clomiphene generic
order norethindrone generic – purchase bimatoprost generic buy yasmin without prescription
estradiol 1mg drug – buy ginette 35 medication order arimidex 1mg generic
cabergoline drug – dostinex order online buy alesse for sale
гѓ—гѓ¬гѓ‰гѓ‹гѓійЂљиІ©гЃ§иІ·гЃ€гЃѕгЃ™гЃ‹ – г‚ёг‚№гѓгѓћгѓѓг‚Ї и–¬е±ЂгЃ§иІ·гЃ€г‚‹ г‚ёг‚№гѓгѓћгѓѓг‚Ї её‚иІ© гЃЉгЃ™гЃ™г‚Ѓ
バイアグラ её‚иІ© гЃЉгЃ™гЃ™г‚Ѓ – タダラフィル処方 г‚їгѓЂгѓ©гѓ•г‚Јгѓ«гЃ®йЈІгЃїж–№гЃЁеЉ№жћњ
гѓ—гѓ¬гѓ‰гѓ‹гѓійЂљиІ©гЃЉгЃ™гЃ™г‚Ѓ – гѓ‰г‚シサイクリン通販で買えますか г‚¤г‚Ѕгѓ€гѓ¬гѓЃгѓЋг‚¤гѓійЊ 40 mg еј·гЃ•
valif firm – valif pills crush sinemet 20mg without prescription
valif online magic – secnidazole order online order generic sinemet 20mg
order generic indinavir – confido without prescription order voltaren gel online
ivermectin buy online – purchase tegretol online cheap order tegretol generic
buy deltasone 10mg pills – order starlix captopril generic
prednisone cost – order deltasone 5mg pills captopril 25mg cost
buy amoxicillin medication – diovan uk purchase combivent without prescription
azithromycin tablet – tindamax 500mg pills nebivolol 5mg price
buy gabapentin 600mg generic – order neurontin 800mg for sale purchase sporanox sale
buy furosemide 40mg – brand betamethasone 20gm3 generic betnovate 20gm
monodox pills – glipizide 5mg price glucotrol brand
order amoxiclav pill – buy ketoconazole paypal duloxetine 40mg cost
purchase semaglutide generic – order periactin 4 mg online cheap cyproheptadine 4mg drug
order tizanidine 2mg for sale – purchase plaquenil for sale buy hydrochlorothiazide 25mg generic
tadalafil 40mg uk – tadalafil 20mg pill sildenafil 50mg drug
sildenafil for sale online – order viagra 50mg cialis next day delivery usa
cenforce 50mg ca – metformin over the counter cost glycomet
methylprednisolone for sale online – buy triamcinolone pill order triamcinolone 10mg online cheap
buy misoprostol 200mcg online – order orlistat 60mg pill purchase diltiazem sale
zovirax uk – buy zyloprim pills for sale order rosuvastatin for sale
domperidone order – buy sumycin 250mg for sale buy cyclobenzaprine without a prescription
order domperidone pill – buy cyclobenzaprine pill buy cyclobenzaprine cheap
inderal us – inderal over the counter buy generic methotrexate
order coumadin generic – order cozaar 50mg hyzaar sale
brand levaquin 500mg – levaquin 500mg us zantac 150mg generic
nexium us – buy sumatriptan without a prescription purchase imitrex pills
buy meloxicam 15mg generic – order celebrex 100mg sale tamsulosin 0.4mg pill