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يوم افتتن إدغار آلن بو بحكاية السندباد وأعاد روايتها على طريقته

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“ليلة شهرزاد الثانية بعد الألف” توصل الليالي العربية إلى العالم الجديد

اندبندنت عربية / إبراهيم العريس باحث وكاتب

طبعاً كان يمكن للقارئ أن يتوقع أي شيء من الكاتب الأميركي إدغار آلن بو، المؤسس الشرعي للأدب البوليسي الحديث بين أصناف أدبية عديدة أخرى، باستثناء أن يكتب قصة طويلة يحاول فيها ليس فقط أن يحاكي الليالي العربية، بل أن يضيف إليها ليلة جديدة يموضعها بعد الليلة الأولى التالية للألف ليلة المعهودة. ويمكن القول إن صاحب “الغراب” و”المنارة” وغيرها من تحف أدبية عرفت كيف تدخل الحداثة من باب عريض في الأدب الأميركي في القرن التاسع عشر، أضاف بتلك القصة اسمه إلى لائحة الكتاب الذين سبقه بعضهم وتلاه البعض الآخر من الذين أعلنوا تأثرهم بذلك التراث العربي – المشرقي الكبير فنهلوا منه، ليس فقط مواضيع وأفكاراً، بل أساليب وابتكارات فكرية وجمالية لم تتوقف منذ الظهور الأول للنص مترجماً إلى لغات العالم. والحقيقة أن أديباً واسع الحيلة مهتماً بالابتكار ومنفتحاً على ثقافات العالم، مثل آلن بو، ما كان من شأنه أبداً ألا يلتفت يوماً إلى ذلك الصرح الأدبي فيحاول أن “يضيف إليه” وينجح في محاولته.

ليلة إضافية لن تنتهي

كان عنوان “المحاولة” بسيطاً، “ليلة شهرزاد الثانية بعد الألف”. لكن الحقيقة أن ما أضافه آلن بو إلى “ألف ليلة وليلة” لم يأت من صلبها، بل من خارجها. أتى عملاً يستكمل ما كان بُدئ به في حكاية السندباد التي كانت في الأصل إضافة إلى “ألف ليلة وليلة” من خارجها، أي أنها لم تكن في الأصل واحدة من الحكايات التي حكتها شهرزاد لمليكها و”القاتل المتربص بها” شهريار، في ليالي الأرق والحكي من جانبها والتشوق من جانبه. فنحن نعرف أن ثمة في “الليالي العربية” (وهو الاسم الذي عُرف به هذا العمل الكبير في الغرب منذ ترجماته الأولى) حكايتين كبيرتين لم تردا في المخطوطات الأولى التي عثر عليها أنطوان غالان الفرنسي الذي كان أول من نشر تلك الليالي مترجمة إلى الفرنسية، حكاية علاء الدين والفانوس السحري التي كانت صينية الأصل، وحكاية السندباد البحري التي تكاد تكون اقتباساً من رحلات يوليسيس. غير أن الحكايتين سرعان ما اندمجتا تماماً في الليالي بحيث شكلتا جزءاً أساسياً منها لا يصح نشرها من دونهما. وهو أمر أكد بالطبع على الطابع الكوزموبوليتي للعمل بكامله، بالتالي على الانفتاح المدهش الذي عاشته الحضارة العربية على العالم في زمن ذهبي.

إدغار آلن بو (بورتريه من العام 1848)​​​​​​​

العجائب حقائق علمية

المهم هنا أن آلن بو عرف في هذه الحكاية الجديدة التي نسبها إلى شهرزاد، كيف يدلي بدلوه مازجاً بين التقاليد الحكائية العربية وأسلوبه الخاص الساحر والمشوّق، مضفياً هنا على النص طابعاً مرحاً يمكن القول إنه لم يكن معهوداً في أسلوبه الأدبي. بيد أن ثمة في نهاية النص كذلك، نحو اثنتين وثلاثين ملحوظة وتعليقاً يشرح فيها الكاتب، وبطريقة علمية منطقية، كيف أن عدداً كبيراً من “العجائب” التي يكتشفها السندباد البحري في مجرى الحكاية، ليست في حقيقتها سوى شؤون علمية حقيقية تنتمي إلى القرن التاسع عشر لا إلى الزمن الذي يفترض أن السندباد قد عاش فيه، ووجد نفسه يقوم برحلته “الثامنة” هذه، وهو على ظهر ما يعتقده وحشاً، لكنه في حقيقته سفينة عملاقة تمخر البحر في زمن الكاتب، وليس في زمن الحكاية المفترض. وبهذا يضفي آلن بو على الحكاية “الشهرزادية” بعداً علمياً لا مراء فيه، يشتغل على نوع من المقارنة بين حال العلوم في الشرق وحاله في الغرب، كما على المقارنة بين التطور الذي أصاب علوماً وحقائق علمية تلمّسها السندباد الشرقي قبل قرون من اكتشاف الغرب لها. ويقيناً هنا أن آلن بو لا يقول هذا بوضوح النص العلمي، لكنه يورده في ثنايا الحكاية، وبأسلوب مركب على لسان شهرزاد يجعل شهريار يصرخ بها في نهاية الحكاية أن تسكت وتكفّ عن هذا السرد المدوخ قائلاً، “بالله عليك أن تتوقفي! لم أعد قادراً على الاحتمال… بدأت رأسي تؤلمني من حديثك. منذ متى ونحن متزوجان؟ لقد حان الوقت لوضع حد لهذا الهذيان.. وربما حان الوقت لقطع عنقك!”. ونعرف طبعاً ان شهرزاد حكت كل تلك الحكايات لزوجها الملك كوسيلة للحيلولة دون قتله إياها، أسوة بما فعل لفتيات كثر من قبلها انتقاماً من النساء لخيانة زوجته الأولى له.

الحكي سبيل للعيش

من هنا كان الحكي بالنسبة إلى شهرزاد وسيلتها للبقاء على قيد الحياة، بفضل حكايات مشوقة لا تنضب عرفت كيف تجعل الملك من خلالها يتركها حية ليلة بعد الأخرى تشوقاً لبقية الحكاية التي تقطعها عند صياح الديك، حيث “تسكت عن الكلام المباح” إذ يدركها الصباح فيؤجل الملك قتلها لرغبته في سماع بقية الحكاية. وها هو هنا في قصة إدغار آلن بو يعلن ثورته على تلك المرأة الداهية، معترفاً بأن أسلوبها قد أطار صوابه! وهي لئن كانت كما يقول راوي الحكاية الذي لا نعرف له اسماً، لمؤلفها، تذعن لقدرها على الرغم من حزنها على تجدّد موقف الملك الراغب دائماً في وضع حدّ لما تفعل به من تشويق يؤجل موتها، فإنها في الوقت نفسه تعرف أنه لن يقدم على فعلته، ربما لطيبته كما يفسر الراوي، ولكن أيضاً لأنها تعرف أن حكاياتها لا تنتهي. ومن هنا من الواضح أن ثمة مع تلك الليلة التي تحمل الرقم اثنين بعد الألف، انطلاقة لليال جديدة بالنظر إلى أن ما تضمنته تلك الليلة الحافلة بالأخبار العلمية وبنوع جديد من انفتاح السندباد على العالم الجديد وأخباره، إنما هو إرهاص بمزيد من الحكايات التي تعد بليال أخرى، إن لم يكن من السعادة فعلى الأقل من تفوق تلك المرأة التي التقطت سر البقاء بفضل مخزونها المدهش من حكايات لا تنتهي ولا تُضجر.

كتاب آت من الشرق

من الواضح هنا أن ما يتوخى الكاتب الأميركي من كتابة تلك القصة التي نشرها للمرة الأولى في مجلة كانت تصدر في بوسطن، عام 1845 كان التعبير عن قوة الحكي ودوره في الوجود الإنساني. فبالنسبة إليه ليس ثمة ما يضاهي الحكي في حياة البشر. وليس ثمة ما يضاهي “الليالي العربية” في تأكيد دور الحكي كما في اجتذاب القراء وإيصال رسالته إليهم تماماً كما فعلت شهرزاد بشهريار، ومن ثم كما يفعل حكواتية الشرق حين يُبقون مستمعيهم على ظمئهم ليلة بعد ليلة حين يقطعون حكاياتهم، وهم واثقون من عودة المستمعين غداً إلى حظيرة الحكاية مستمعين صاغرين. ومن هنا حين افتتح آلن بو نصه بعبارة تفيد بأن راوي هذه الحكاية “الذي لا نعرف له اسماً يقول إنه قرأها في كتاب آت من الشرق لا يعرفه كثر في أوروبا، ولا أحد يعرفه في الولايات المتحدة، لكن الذين يعرفونه يعرفون أنه لا يحكي الحكاية كلها… كان الكاتب يعرف أنه التقط قارئه الذي لن يعرف بعد ذلك مهرباً من متابعة قراءته…

إنتاج ضخم لحياة قصيرة

عندما نشر إدغار آلن بو (1809 – 1849) “ليلة شهرزاد الثانية بعد الألف” كان في السادسة والثلاثين من عمره وبقي له قبل رحيله أربع سنوات سينشر خلالها العدد الأكبر من قصصه ورواياته الأساسية التي صنعت له مكانة أدبية وجعلته من أوائل كتاب العالم الجديد الذين تنتشر أعمالهم في العالم كله، وكانت أعمالاً تتراوح بين الروايات الطويلة والقصص القصيرة والقصائد الشعرية والنقد الأدبي وتحاول الغوص في عديد من الأنواع، بين حكايات غرائبية وقصص بوليسية وروايات رعب يدور بعضها خارج وطنه الأصلي، بل إن قصته البوليسية الأشهر التي يرى كثر أنها أسست لهذا النوع الأدبي، “جريمة شارع مورغ المزدوجة” (1841) تدور في باريس التي زارها وارتبط فيها بصداقة مع الشاعر شارل بودلير الذي كتب عنه كثيراً ونقل بعض أهم أعماله إلى الفرنسية.

المزيد عن: إدغار آلن بو/ألف ليلة وليلة/حكايات شهرزاد/الليالي العربية

 

 

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