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“حياة ثلاث نساء” لجرترود شتاين تنصف المرأة السوداء قبل الآخرين

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الكاتبة التي حسّن بيكاسو ووودي آلن صورتها ونسيا إبداعاتها

اندبندنت عربية / إبراهيم العريس باحث وكاتب

لعل النقد الأساسي الذي وُجّه للصورة التي رسم بها السينمائي وودي آلن شخصية مواطنته الكاتبة جرترود شتاين في فيلمه البديع “منتصف الليل في باريس” أنها أتت “كاذبة” إلى حد بعيد. فهو “لم يُضْف على الكاتبة التي تمر في جزء من مشاهد الفيلم قبحاً يزيد عن قبحها كما يفعل المبدعون الكاريكاتيريون عادة، بل جمّلها إلى حد كبير” وربما سار في ذلك على خطوات الرسام بيكاسو الذي أقل ما قيل عن لوحته الشهيرة التي صور بها تلك “الأميركية التي كانت ملكة باريس غير المتوجة ذات حقبة”، أنه رسم بورتريه ذاتي لنفسه من خلالها. فالحال أن جرترود شتاين التي رسمها بيكاسو بدت وكأنها توأمه. ومن المؤكد أن كثراً من الذين تحدثوا عن تلك الكاتبة وراعية الفنون، وجدوا فيها توأماً لهم أكثر مما وجدوا فيها تلك المبدعة التي شاءت أن تكونها. ولعلها هي بدورها قد ساهمت في ذلك “الإمّحاء الذاتي” الذي جعلها تُذكر ضمن إطار دلالة عيشها في باريس ورعايتها الفنون وجعل نفسها سفيرة للإبداع الأميركي في أوروبا، أكثر مما تذكر كمبدعة خلّفت العديد من الكتب بالكاد يُذكر منها اليوم كتابان، الأشهر “أليس ب. توكلاس” والأفضل “حياة ثلاث نساء”. ولعل هذا الكتاب الأخير  كان سينسى لولا أن الكاتب الأميركي – الأفريقي ريتشارد رايت امتدحه ذات يوم كما سنرى بعد سطور.

حالة خاصة وصالون أدبي

من هنا إذا كانت جرترود شتاين لا تزال تذكر حتى يومنا هذا في الكتب التي تؤرّخ للحياة الأدبية في فرنسا أو في الولايات المتحدة خلال النصف الأول من القرن العشرين، فإنها تذكر كحالة خاصة وصاحبة صالون أدبي، وواحدة من ذلك الجيل من الأميركيين والأميركيات الذين آثروا، عند مستهل هذا القرن، أن يعيشوا الحياة الأوروبية بدلاً من الحياة الأميركية. بمعنى أن جرترود شتاين الأكثر أهمية، أي جرترود شتاين الكاتبة ذات الأساليب المتنوعة تكاد تكون منسية. مهما يكن، فإن جرترود شتاين نفسها لم تساهم كثيراً في إضفاء طابع شديد الشرعية على كونها كاتبة، على الرغم من وفرة ما كانت تكتبه، مفضلّة أن تكون جزءاً من الحياة الثقافية، ونوعاً من الوعاء الذي يجمع الأدباء والفنانين ويقدم لهم إطاراً يعملون ضمنه ويتحركون. من هنا كان بيتها الباريسي يعتبر على الدوام بيتاً لكل من لديه موهبة كتابية أو فنية. وكانت جرترود شتاين تمضي جلّ وقتها في مساعدة الآخرين على الوصول، متناسية – وأحياناً سنوات – أنها هي الأخرى أديبة، وأديبة من طراز استثنائي، قال ريتشارد رايت، عن روايتها “حياة ثلاث نساء” التي تتضمن ثلاثة بورتريهات منها بورتريه عن أميركية سوداء هي “ميلانتشا” قال إنها “أول معالجة طويلة جادة في ميدان الأدب لحياة الزنوج في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية”، وهو ما سوف توافقه عليه طوني موريسون لاحقا وإن بحماسة أقل.

جرترود شتاين تجلس تحت لوحتها التي رسمها بيكاسو (غيتي)​​​​​​​

مناخ فرنسي وسيرة ذاتية

كتبت جرترود شتاين القصص الطويلة الثلاث التي يتألف منها هذا العمل، خلال سنوات قليلة تبدأ عام 1903 لتنتهي عامي 1905 – 1906 وكان واضحاً أنها حتى لو تناولت موضوعات عن ثلاث نساء يعشن في بردجبوينت، المدينة المتخيلة الواقعة في بالتيمور الأميركية، مسقط رأس الكاتبة نفسها، وعن اثنتين منهما ألمانيّتي الأصل كما حال جرترود نفسها فيما الثالثة خليط بأب زنجي، فإنها كتبت الحكايات مستوحية، من ناحية من كتاب “ثلاث حكايات” للفرنسي فلوبير ومن ناحية أخرى من لوحة “زوجة الرسام” لسيزان التي كان زوجها ليو قد اشتراها معُلقة في صدر البيت تتأملها الكاتبة في كل لحظة. فإذا أضفنا إلى هذا كون الراوية تدعى جين صاندز ما يحيل على الكاتبة جورج صاند سنجدنا أمام مناخ فرنسي لا شك فيه يهيمن على عمل تجريبي لا يفوته أن يحيل من ناحية ما على طفولة جرترود.

تحمل القصص عناوين موحية بصورة مباشرة: “أنا الطيبة” و”ميلانتشا” وأخيراً “لينا اللطيفة”. ولئن كانت القصتان الأولى والثالثة تحددان بعداً سلوكياً لبطلتيهما الآتيتين من بيئة طبقة عاملة أميركية تعيش متغيرات العصور الجديدة مزودتين بأخلاقيتين جديدتين تدفعان ثمنهما غالياً، فإن بطلة القصة الثانية، التي تحدث عنها الكاتب ريتشارد رايت، تحمل منذ اسمها، معنى التهجين والجمع بين فكرتَي الكآبة والمزيج في آن معاً، هي الأكثر قوة والأفضل بناء بين كل الشخصيات التي رسمتها شتاين في مجمل رواياتها حتى وإن كان يمكن النظر إليها بكونها الأكثر ابتعاداً عن السيرة الذاتية الذي غالباً ما طبع رسم شتاين شخصيات أعمالها، ناهيك عن أن ميلانتشا تعتبر الأكثر عصرية وحملاً لهموم المرأة الجديدة في أدب الكاتبة.

محطة أميركية في باريس

ولدت جرترود شتاين العام 1874 في بنسلفانيا، لأسرة مثقفة وتقدمية ذات أصول ألمانية، وهي درست علم النفس باكراً في كلية ردكليف حيث كان أستاذها الأساسي الفيلسوف الكبير ويليام جيمس، شقيق هنري جيمس الروائي الذي سيختار مثلها العيش فترة طويلة من حياته في باريس. وإلى باريس تحديداً توجهت جرترود شتاين في 1902، بعد ما درست، إضافة إلى علم النفس، تشريح الدماغ في جامعة جونز هوبكنز، وهي ستظل متخذة من العاصمة الفرنسية مكان إقامة لها حتى رحيلها عام 1946، حيث، كما أشرنا، صارت شقتها الفسيحة والأنيقة في شارع فلوريس، منطلقاً لحركة طليعية ملفتة في الفن والأدب، ومن رواد الشقة الدائمين، الرسامون بيكاسو وبراك وماتيس وخوان غراي، والكتّاب إرنست همنغواي وفورد مادوكس فورد وشروود إندرسون. وكانت تعقد اللقاءات في شقتها ليس فحسب بين هؤلاء، بل بين الأدباء والفنانين الجدد ومن تتوخى، هي، أن بإمكانها أن تنشر أعمالهم وتروّج لها. وبالنسبة إلى الأميركيين الذين كانوا يزورون باريس متطلعين إلى النهل من عبقها الفني والأدبي، أصبح بيت جرترود شتاين محطة لا بد من العبور بها.

أثناء ذلك، كانت جرترود شتاين تجد ما يكفيها من الوقت لكي تكتب، وكانت تكتب باستمرار ومن دون هوادة. ولعل أفضل صورة تقدمها لنا ككاتبة هي تلك التي تركها إدموند ويلسون في فصل شهير من فصول كتابه “قلعة إكسل” (ترجمه إلى العربية جبرا إبراهيم جبرا). ولا شك في أن كثراً يوافقون ويلسون على أن أشهر وأفضل كتاب وضعته شتاين إلى جانب “حياة ثلاث نساء” كان “السيرة الذاتية لآليس ب. توكلاس”. وأليس هذه التي كتبت جرترود سيرتها على تلك الشاكلة كانت صديقتها وسكرتيرتها المولودة في سان فرنسيسكو والتي شاطرتها حياتها الباريسية.

هكذا صُنع الأميركيون

وعلى الرغم من أن هذين الكتابين لجرترود، الأكثر شهرة، فإن عملها الأساسي والذي عملت عليه طويلاً، من دون أن يكون له حظ كبير من النجاح كان كتاب “هكذا صُنع الأميركيون” (كتبته بين 1906 و1908 ولم ينشر إلا في العام 1925) تؤرّخ فيه للولايات المتحدة من خلال حكاية أسرتها. أما في مجال الكتابة الشعرية، فقد أصدرت جرترود، بخاصة، كتاب “براعم حنون” (1914)، ولكن يبدو واضحاً أنها لم تكن تقبض نفسها بصورة جدية كشاعرة لذلك سرعان ما تخلّت عن كتابة الوجدانيات لتضع كتباً ودراسات متنوعة وموضوعية مثل كتابها عن “التاريخ الجغرافي للولايات المتحدة” وفيه عرض متميز للعلاقة بين الطبيعة البشرية والعقل البشري، كما أصدرت كتاباً عن ماتيس اعتبر مرجعاً عن ذلك الرسام الشهير فترة طويلة من الزمن، كما وضعت عنه وعن بيكاسو وعنها هي كتاباً طريفاً عنوانه “ماتيس، بيكاسو وجرترود شتاين”. وعلى الرغم من حياتها الدافقة ونشاطها ماتت جرترود شتاين في 1946 وحيدة ومنسية مع أنها كانت وضعت كتاباً أخيراً عنوانه “حروب عشتها” وصفت فيها حياة باريس تحت الاحتلال الألماني.

المزيد عن: جرترود شتاين/بيكاسو/وودي آلن/ويليام جيمس/إرنست همنغواي/جبرا إبراهيم جبرا/قلعة إكسل

 

 

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