“لم أكن أدرك أن إنشاء نظام يسمح للأرشفة الدائمة لحياة الجميع هو خطأ مأساوي”
في عام 2013 كانت صدمتنا كبيرة عندما فاجأنا الشاب إدوارد سنودن الذي كان يبلغ من العمر 29 سنة، بالكشف عن معلومات حول مراقبة حكومة الولايات المتحدة الأميركية، وبشكل سري، لجميع محادثاتنا الهاتفية ورسائلنا الإلكترونية، معتمدةً على نظام مراقبة جماعي غير مسبوق قادر على التجسس على خصوصية كل شخص في أي مكان من هذا العالم، حتى لو كان من أهم قياداته.
وبعد 6 سنوات، وتحديداً في سبتمبر (أيلول) 2019، تحدّث سنودن بالتفصيل في كتاب مذكراته الخاصة، حول كيف أسهم وساعد في بناء نظام التجسس الأميركي حين كان يعمل لدى الاستخبارات المركزية CIA كمتعاقد مع وكالة الأمن القومي NSA، موضحاً الأسباب والمبادئ الأخلاقية التي دفعته إلى إسقاطه وإدانته.
ويقول في إحدى صفحاته: “إذا كنت تقرأ هذا العمل، فذلك لأنني فعلت شيئاً خطيراً في موقفي: قررت أن أقول الحقيقة. جمعت وثائق تبين أن أجهزة الاستخبارات الأميركية كانت تنتهك القانون، ثم أعطيتها للصحافيين الذين تقصّوا عنها قبل نشرها، الأمر الذي خلق فضيحة عالمية”.
صدر الكتاب بنسخته الفرنسية عن دار نشر SEUIL تحت عنوان “مذكرات حية: الرجل الذي خاطر بكل شيء من أجل التنديد بالمراقبة الشاملة”، بحيث ترجمه عن اللغة الإنجليزية إيتان ميناتو وأورلين بلانكار، ليحقّق نجاحاً هائلاً بين أوساط الفرنسيين الراغبين بمعرفة المزيد عن أسرار هذا الشاب وعن اللعبة الأميركية وتجاوزاتها.
منذ صفحته الأولى وحتى الأخيرة، تستطيع أن تقرأ الكتاب كما لو أنك تشاهد فيلم أكشن أميركياً، لكن هذه المرة وليس كما العادة، سيعرّي البطل السياسة الأميركية أمام العالم كله. والمذكرات عبارة عن سلسلة وقائع واعترافات يبدأها سنودن من مقدمته: “اسمي إدوارد جوزيف سنودن. كنت أعمل في الماضي لدى الحكومة، لكني اليوم في خدمة الجميع”. وبينما هو في منفاه في روسيا، يراجع ويذكر بالأدلة والتواريخ المحددة إسهاماته كأخصائي كمبيوتر طيلة 7 سنوات في التغيير الأكثر أهمية في تاريخ التجسس الأميركي ـ الانتقال من المراقبة المستهدفة إلى المراقبة الجماعية لسكان العالم. لقد ساعد الحكومة في جمع البيانات الرقمية التي يتم تداولها في العالم، والاحتفاظ بها إلى أجل غير مسمى والإشارة إليها متى رغبت في ذلك.
غلاف الكتاب (دار النشر)
هجمات سبتمبر أدّت إلى اختراع “المراقبة الشاملة”
بعد هجمات سبتمبر 2001 ألقت أجهزة الاستخبارات باللوم على نفسها بشكل فظيع لعدم تمكنها من درء الخطر وقتها. ورداً على ذلك، سعت إدارتها إلى وضع نظام يمنع الوقوع في مثل ذلك المأزق مرة أخرى، لذا توجّهوا إلى علوم الكمبيوتر والبرمجة والتقنيات، وتمّ الترحيب بعلماء هذه التخصصات من الشباب مثل سنودن بأذرع مفتوحة ليشغلوا أكثر الوظائف والخدمات سرية، وأصبح العالم كله ملعباً للمهوسين، وتخطت الوكالة شروطها وقوانينها الصعبة في التوظيف لاستحضار أولئك العلماء إلى مكاتبها.
يروي سنودن أنه عندما بدأ العمل مع وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية للمرة الأولى، كانت معنويات أفراد طاقمها منخفضة جداً وتكاد تكون معدومة. إذ وبعد فشل أجهزة الاستخبارات في مواقف عدة توضّحت خلال هجمات 11 سبتمبر، قامت السلطات التنفيذية والكونغرس بإعادة تنظيم شاملة للوكالة. بالتالي كان على مدير الـCIA التخلي عن الإشراف على جميع أجهزة الاستخبارات الأميركية، وهو حق كان يتمتع به دائماً منذ إنشائها بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية. وهذا ما جعل موظفيها يعتقدون أنه تمت خيانتها من قبل الطبقة السياسية.
ومع توالي الأمور واستقالة الرئيس القديم واستلام آخر، تمت إقالة عدد كبير من الموظفين من بينهم 4 مسؤولين تم تسريحهم أو دفعهم إلى الاستقالة. إلى درجة أن الوكالة وجدت نفسها مضطرة إلى التعاقد مع موظفين جدد عن طريق الباطن. إضافة إلى أنها وجدت نفسها مشوهة أمام الرأي العام بسبب ما حصل وقتها من تسريبات تم الكشف عن عملياتها غير الشرعية والسجون السرية المعروفة باسم المواقع السوداء.
أدّت التحديثات الطارئة على منهج وإدارة وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية إلى تقسيمها إلى 5 أقسام لكل منها اختصاصه وفريقه، ما يسهّل طرق عملها وينظّمه في الوقت نفسه.
تخصص القسم الأول “إدارة العمليات” بالتجسس بالمعنى الحرفي للكلمة، وتخصص القسم الثاني “مديرية الاستخبارات” بجمع وتحليل المعلومات. بينما اهتمّ القسم الثالث “مديرية العلوم والتكنولوجيا” بشراء أجهزة الكمبيوتر وأدوات الاتصال والأسلحة وتدريسها للجواسيس المعتمدين. وحاول القسم الرابع “الشؤون الإدارية” إدارة العلاقات بين المحامين والموارد البشرية ومتابعة صلاتها مع السلطات التنفيذية في الحكومة.
أما القسم الخامس والذي كان سنودن وفريقه جزءاً منه، فهو “إدارة الدعم اللوجيستي” ومهمته تتلخص في إدارة البنية التحتية للاتصالات في جميع أنحاء العالم.
لعبة الإيهام
بعد انضمام سنودن إلى الوكالة ليصبح واحداً من فريق يستطيع الوصول إلى أكثر الشبكات حساسية في العالم، تمّ وضعه تحت سلطة رجل قضى معظم حياته في قراءة روايات الجاسوسية لروبرت لودلوم وتوم كلانسي، فالتجسس وصناعة الجواسيس وأساليب المراقبة ليست فقط مهمة هذا الرجل، إنما هي شغفه أيضاً.
وقبل بدء أي موظف أو فريق بمباشرة العمل، كان لا بد من خضوعه لمرحلة “التلقين” التي يحاول من خلالها قادة الوكالة اللعب على نفسية المتعاقدين الجدد. كانوا يريدون إيهامهم بأنهم نخبة المجتمع، أناس لا مثيل لهم. وأنه قد تمّ اختيارهم لإبلاغهم بأسرار الدولة وحقائق البلد وكأنهم حماتها. هي لعبة نفسية بامتياز حيث يكشفون لك بعض الأسرار الهامة للدولة وللوكالة لتقتنع بأنك صرت جزءاً من هذا الكيان الاستخباراتي العظيم. ثم ينهالون عليك بتعليمات صارمة ينبغي تنفيذها تحت اسم “تدابير السلامة” مثل: لا تحضر المحمول الخاص بك إلى هذه المباني الآمنة للغاية ولا تستخدمه أبداً للتحدث عن العمل؛ لا تتباهى بأنك تعمل لدى وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية ولا تترك أي وثائق مهما كانت غير مهمة بالنسبة لك، مكشوفة للآخرين وغيرها من التدابير والاحتياطات الهامة.
ويكشف: “من عام 2007 إلى عام 2009 تمّ تكليفي في السفارة الأميركية في جنيف. وتحت غطاء دبلوماسي كنت أحد المتخصصين القلائل المسؤولين عن قيادة وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية نحو عالم الغد من خلال ربط جميع وكالاتها الأوروبية بالإنترنت ومن خلال رقمنة وأتمتة الشبكة التي تتجسس من خلالها الحكومة الأميركية على الجميع”. لذا لم تكن مهمة أبناء جيله واختصاصه إعادة تصميم عمل أجهزة الاستخبارات فحسب، بل إنهم أعادوا تعريف طبيعة الاستخبارات كلياً. لم يتعاملوا مع اجتماعات سرية أو مع مخابئ سرية، ولكن مع البيانات وحدها.
في العام الذي بلغ فيه 26 سنة، كان يعمل رسمياً في Dell بينما كان يعمل أيضاً في وكالة الأمن القومي. ونعم لقد تم تعيينه كمقدم خدمة مثل معظم جواسيس الكمبيوتر الآخرين. أُرسل إلى اليابان للمشاركة في تطوير نظام نسخ احتياطي عالمي، وشبكة سرية عملاقة لن تفقد الحكومة بفضلها أي بيانات على الإطلاق حتى لو أدى انفجار نووي إلى تحويل مقر وكالة الأمن القومي إلى رماد.
ويقول: “لم أكن أدرك أن إنشاء نظام يسمح للأرشفة الدائمة لحياة الجميع هو خطأ مأساوي”.
عاد إلى الولايات المتحدة وهو بعمر 28 سنة. كان من المتوقع أن يساعد رؤساء الأقسام الفنية في وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية على حل أي مشكلة قد تتبادر إلى الذهن. وأسهم فريقه في تطوير نظام كمبيوتر جديد، سحابة، كأول جهاز تكنولوجي يسمح لأي وكيل، أينما كان، بالوصول إلى البيانات التي يحتاجها أينما وجدت.
ويمكن القول ببساطة إن وظيفته بجمع الكثير من المعلومات أفسحت المجال لمهمة جديدة تعنى بإيجاد طرق لتخزينها إلى أجل غير مسمى. وأخيراً إلى وظيفة تضمن إمكانية استشارتها واستحضارها في كل مكان وزمان.
ومع حلول عامه التاسع والعشرين وبينما هو في هاواي، كان كل ما سبق واضحاً بالنسبة له. ولقد كان راضياً عن إتمام واجباته مع وكالة الأمن القومي لأن مهامه كانت مخصصة وتوكل إليه كأجزاء إذ لم يشرح له أحد، أبداً، الصورة الكلية أو الكبيرة للمشروع كله. وكان ذهابه إلى هاواي هو الذي جعله يفهم المنطق الكامن وراء مهمته: إنشاء نظام عالمي للمراقبة الجماعية.
وهناك في نفق محفور تحت حقل أناناس كان يحمي في زمن بيرل هاربر مصنعاً لبناء الطائرات، ثمة محطة استخباراتية أعطته وصولاً غير محدود تقريباً إلى أي شخص اتصل برقم هاتف أو كتب على جهاز كمبيوتر. وكان من بين هؤلاء المتجسس عليهم 320 مليون أميركي. حينها أدرك أن مواطنيه تحت مشاهدة ومراقبة يومية في انتهاكٍ صارخ ليس فقط لمبادئ الدستور الأميركي، ولكن أيضاً للقيم الأساسية لأي مجتمع حر.
ماذا بعد اكتمال الرؤية؟
“لقد ضعت. وجدت نفسي في مواجهة معضلة كبيرة. أحب بلدي وأؤمن بخدمة شعبها. عائلتي، نسبي كله الذي جئت منه منذ قرون، يتكون من رجال ونساء كرّسوا حياتهم للولايات المتحدة ومواطنيها. لقد تعهدت لنفسي بوضع نفسي تحت تصرف وكالة من أجل المصلحة العامة، من أجل الدفاع عن دستورنا الذي يحمي حرياتنا المدنية ويحفظ لنا حقوقنا. لم أكن مجرد شريك مع أولئك الذين ينتهكون حقوقنا، بل كنت واحداً منهم”.
هنا واجه سنودن أسئلة عدة أرّقته لفترة طويلة قبل أن يتخذ قراره أخيراً.
“كيف يمكنني التوفيق بين وعدي لأجهزة الاستخبارات باحترام سرية عملي؟ وبين وفائي للمبادئ التأسيسية لبلدي؟ إلى من أنا مدين بالولاء؟ كيف سأكمل حياتي بعد أن اكتشفت حقيقة ما أنا متورط فيه”؟
لقد اتخذ قراره بالفعل، منحازاً على حسب قوله، إلى الجانب الصحيح من المعادلة. وتصرّف بما يرضي ضميره ومبادئه التي تربّى عليها. جمع العديد من الوثائق والأرشيفات التي تدين سلوك الولايات المتحدة الأميركية وأجهزة استخباراتها بالتجسس على الناس بمن فيهم قادة الدول، وقدّمها إلى الصحافيين لتبدأ بعدها رحلة التخفي وصولاً إلى روسيا التي قبلت لجوءه إليها، في حين رفضت دول أخرى خوفاً من العقاب الأميركي.
حتى اليوم ما زال سنودن محط جدل كبير بين أوساط الشعب والقيادات في أميركا والعالم، البعض يعتبره خائناً من الضروري معاقبته لأنه خان وطنه واستخباراته، بينما يراه آخرون بطلاً قومياً انصاع إلى مبادئ الدستور الأميركي ورفض استكمال اللعبة الأميركية في المراقبة الشاملة.
المزيد عن: الولايات المتحدة/الجاسوسية/التجسس الإلكتروني/إدوارد سنودن/وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية الأميركية
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