الأحد, نوفمبر 24, 2024
الأحد, نوفمبر 24, 2024
Home » ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟

ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟

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موقع كوة/ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﻨﻲ

ﺛﻤّﺔ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻔﺰﻋﺔ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﺒﺎﻉ ﻛﻞّ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻯ ، ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻗﺪﺍﺭﻫﻢ ، ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﺷﺔ ﺍﻻﺗّﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻛﺂﺧﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﺘﻘﻦ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺷﻌﻮﺑﻬﺎ . ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤّﻤﺔ ، ﻳﻨﺤﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺔ : ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻳﺘﻢّ ﺗﺴﻄﻴﺢ ﻧﺴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﺍﻕ ﺑﺄﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺮﺝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺤﻞ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻋﺎﻣّﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺷﺒﺎﺑﺎ ﻭﺷﻴﺒﺎ . ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ، ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﻣّﺖ ﻭﻃﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺡ ﻗﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ، ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺁﻻﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﻞّ ﻳﻮﻡ .

ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍﺭ ، ﺗﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴّﺔ ﻷﻧّﻪ ﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱّ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ . ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﻬﻤﺔ ﺳﻠﻔﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﺈﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ، ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻃﻘﻮﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳّﺔ ، ﻗﺪ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﻼ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﺎ ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﺐ ﺗﻜﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻐﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ . ﻟﻜﻦّ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻏﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻠﻔﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻳﻦ ، ﻭﺍﺗّﻬﻤﺖ ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻧﺪﻗﺔ ، ﻭﺃﻋﺪﻣﺖ ﺣﺘﻰّ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻮّﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ . ﺛﻤّﺔ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗّﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳّﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻫﻦ ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡّ . ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻞّ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ؟ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻗﻀّﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ، ﺑﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻟﻮﺑﻮﻧﺘﻲ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻠّﻢ ﺳﻜّﺎﻥ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ . ﻫﻞ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﺎﺭﻧﺎ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﻏﻮﻏﺎﺋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮّﺟﻴﻦ ؟

ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭّﻻ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣّﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴّﺔ . ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥّ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺘﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻳﺤﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻊ .. ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴّﺎ ﺇﻧّﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲّ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺪﺑّﺮ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻖ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻣﺎ . ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻥّ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺤﻤّﻼ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻦّ ﺷﻌﺒﻲ .. ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺩﻭﻧﻲّ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﻑّ ” ﺍﻟﻔﻦّ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ .. ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ ..” ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻮّﺭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻲ ﻳﻤﻴّﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻘّﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤّﺸﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ . ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮّﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺴﺨﺮﻳّﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞّ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮّﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮّﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱ ﺃﻭّﻝ ﻣﻨﻈّﺮ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ .

ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﺎ ؟ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺛﻤّﺔ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ : ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﺠﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺵ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ . ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ ﻳﻌﻠّﻢ ﺷﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻖّ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ .. ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺘﻪ ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞّ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬّﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻢّ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‏( 399 ﻕ . ﻡ ‏) . ﺇﻥّ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻤﺎﺭﻟﻮﺑﻮﻧﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ” ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺸﺮﺡ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ .. ﻟﻜﻨّﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ “. ﻓﻬﻞ ﺛﻤّﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻀﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ؟ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻳﺮﺗﺪّ ﻣﻬﺰﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺆﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻔّﺮﺕ ﻛﻞّ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻤّﻲ ﺣﺠّﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥّ ” ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻤﺔ .” ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ .

ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻳﺮﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺘﺸﻪ ﺃﻥّ ” ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ، ﺇﻧّﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﻴﺌﻬﺎ ” ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮّﺓ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ . ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢّ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻮﺫ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺜﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺰﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ، ﻭ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﺗﺆﺳّﺲ ﻟﻬﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻃﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻣﻬﻤّﺔ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ؟ ﻧﻴﺘﺸﻪ ﻣﺮّﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ” ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻗﻂّ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺮّ ﺷﻌﺒﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﻷﻧّﻪ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ .” ﻟﻜﻦّ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺮ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﻤّﻴﻪ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻘّﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺨﺮﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﻡ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺷﻌﺒﻪ .

ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺳّﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺂﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞّ ﻣﺮّﺓ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻜّﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻘﻪ . ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻤّﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ، ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺃﻋﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ . ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ” ﺍﻟﺤﺲّ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ” ﻣﻨﺬ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‏( 1637 ‏) ﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺕ . ﻟﻜﻦ ﻷﻱّ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻛﺄﻫﻢّ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴّﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ، ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮﺓ ” ﺗﺠﺮّﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ ” ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﻣّﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ . ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺳّﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺨﺎﺻّﺔ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺣﺮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞّ ﻭﺻﺎﻳﺔ ﻻﻫﻮﺗﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ . ﺇﻥّ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺳّﺲ ﻷﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤّﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺪﻧﻴّﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣّﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ . ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﺍﺫﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻳﺘّﺴﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ . ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺷﺘّﻰ . ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻖ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮﺓ ” ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ؟ ” ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ 1784 ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻲّ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞّ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺻّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ . ﻫﻬﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻨﻲ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳّﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻜّﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺀ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻴّﺔ ” ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻫﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ .”

ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺳّﺲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺳﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ؟ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴّﺒﺔ ﻟﻶﻣﺎﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ” ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ، ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ، ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺏ ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ .” ﻧﻌﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺂﻝ ﺑﻞ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺧﺼﺒﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻘﻌﺎﺕ . ﻓﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻬﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﺟﺔ ، ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺯﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻌﻴﺸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻌﺸﺔ ، ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻳﺘﻌﺜّﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻼﻣﻪ ﻛﻞّ ﻳﻮﻡ .. ﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ : ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗّﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﺸﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺗﻔﻘﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﺭﻫﻢ .. ﺇﻥّ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻘﺔ ، ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺐ ﻭﺭﻛﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﻭﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤّﻢ . ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ : ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﻥّ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ . ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﺮّﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ . ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ، ﻷﻥّ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻻّ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﻮﻗّﻊ . ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻧﻴﻐﺮﻱ ” ﻻ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻜﻨّﻨﺎ ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .” ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻛﻠّﻤﺎ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﺮﺍﻁ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﺮﺩﻳّﺔ ﻋﺪﻣﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ . ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞّ ﻣﺮّﺓ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺒﺮﺍ ﺳﺎﺭّﺍ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﻣّﺘﻪ ، ﻭﺍﻻّ ﺗﺤﻮّﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ .

ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ : ﺃﻻّ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺤﻮﺯﺓ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬّﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻨّﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ . ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺪﺧّﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﻨﻘﺬ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﻳﺤﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﺎ

المزيد عن : ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﻨﻲ /الفلسفة /الفلسفة بصيغة المؤنث /فتحي المسكيني/ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ؟

 

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