BBC / في مثل هذا الأسبوع عام 1785 ولد مردخاي مانويل نواه في الولايات المتحدة، والذي عمل في مجالات متعددة، وكان أول من حاول عمليا إقامة دولة يتمتع فيها اليهود بالحكم الذاتي في أمريكا، وقبل قيام إسرائيل بنحو 123 عاما. ثم كانت محاولة ثانية في روسيا على يد ستالين، سابقة أيضا على قيام إسرائيل بـ 24 سنة.. فما هي الحكاية؟
دولة أرارات في نيويورك
يقول موقع إيش دوت كوم اليهودي إنه قبل تيودور هيرتزل بمئة عام، عمل موردخاي مانويل نواه على إقامة ما أُطلق عليه دولة أرارات في بافالو في ولاية نيويورك عام 1825.
كان نواه، الذي وُلد في فيلادلفيا عام 1785، قد عمل في الشرطة والجيش والصحافة والكتابة للمسرح والدبلوماسية.
وعندما كان في الثامنة والعشرين من عمره، عينه الرئيس الأمريكي حينئذ جيمس مونرو قنصلا في تونس. وكانت مهمته الرئيسية العمل على إطلاق سراح رهائن أمريكيين أسرهم قراصنة في المنطقة، ودفع فدية كبيرة لتحقيق ذلك، وهو الأمر الذي اعترض عليه رؤساؤه. وعندما سألوه عن سبب لجوئه لهذا الحل، أجاب ببساطة قائلا إن عقيدته اليهودية تنص على “فداء الأسرى”. وقد تسبب ذلك في انتهاء عمله في السلك الدبلوماسي.
وفي عام 1820، بدأ نواه في التفكير في إقامة مدينة تكون بمثابة ملاذ آمن لليهود من كل أنحاء العالم في الأراضي الأمريكية، فعمل على شراء أراضٍ قرب شلالات نياغرا، كما وجه الدعوة للهنود الحمر للانتقال إلى مدينته هذه، حيث كان يعتقد أنهم من نسل قبائل بني إسرائيل المفقودة.
GETTY IMAGES موردخاي مانويل نواه
وبعد خمس سنوات، أطلق نواه على المدينة اسم “دولة أرارات”، نسبة إلى جبل أرارات الذي رست عليه سفينة نوح بحسب العهد القديم.
- اقرأ أيضا: حقائق عن اسرائيل
- اقرأ أيضا: لماذا تمنح البرتغال جنسيتها لبعض اليهود؟
- اقرأ أيضا: كيف أنقذت بلدة فرنسية آلاف اليهود من موت محقق؟
وأرسل نواه حاخامات ومندوبين إلى أوروبا للترويج لفكرته ودعوة اليهود للهجرة إلى مدينته، غير أن دعوته لم تلق اهتماما وفشلت الفكرة.
بيروبيدجان في شرق روسيا
وبيروبيدجان هي المركز الإداري لمنطقة أوبلاست الحكم الذاتي اليهودي، التي أسسها الزعيم السوفيتي ستالين عام 1934.
ستالين
وتوجد هذه المنطقة في جنوب شرق روسيا، وتبعد نحو ثمانية آلاف كيلومتر شرقي العاصمة الروسية موسكو قرب الحدود الصينية، وتقول مراسلة بي بي سي كيت غولدبرغ إن ستالين أقامها كأول وطن رسمي لليهود.
وتضيف غولدبرغ إن المستوطنين اليهود بدأوا في التوافد على المنطقة في عام 1928، أي قبل عشرين عاما من إعلان قيام إسرائيل، لإقامة وطن قومي لليهود السوفييت، واعتبرت اليديشية هي اللغة الرسمية للمنطقة.
وفي عام 1939 وصل عدد اليهود في المنطقة إلى نحو 18 ألفا.
لكن بعد عشر سنوات من إقامتها، بدأ ستالين في قمع الثقافة اليهودية، فأعدم رئيس حكومة المنطقة، وأحرقت الكتب المكتوبة اليديشية، وأغلقت المعابد اليهودية في المنطقة.
لافتة محطة القطار في بيروبيدجان باللغة اليديشية
وعقب انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي في أوائل التسعينيات، غادر آلاف اليهود هذه المنطقة متجهين إلى إسرائيل والغرب.
ولم يتبق سوى أعداد قليلة من اليهود في المنطقة، أغلبهم من كبار السن. ووفقا لتعداد عام 2010، فقد بلغ مجموع سكان المنطقة نحو 170 ألف نسمة، لم يتجاوز عدد السكان اليهود منهم نحو 1600 شخصا.
المزيد عن : روسيا/الولايات المتحدة/إسرائيل/شؤون دينية
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