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كثر غير كوبريك من المخرجين الذين تحطمت حيواتهم على صخور استحالة تحقيق أهم مشاريعهم، لننتقل مباشرة إلى حديث المعماريين ونذكّر بأن ما خلّفه كبارهم من “رايت” إلى “لوكوربوزييه”، ومن “لوس” إلى “نيمار” وصولاً الى زها حديد، يفوق عدد وربما أهمية ما أنجزوه بالفعل. جناح أوتو فاغنر في كارلز بلاتز (فيينا) (غيتي) حالة على حدة في هذا السياق، سيكون من اللافت أن نذكر أن المعماري النمساوي أوتو فاغنر (1841 – 1918) كان حالة على حدة، هو الذي ربما تفوق على كل معماريي الأزمنة الحديثة من حيث عدد مشاريعه التي ظلت قيد الإنجاز. ودائماً للأسباب نفسها التي وقفت سداً في وجه مشاريع السينمائيين والمعماريين الآخرين ذات المصير المشابه: كون الأحلام الإبداعية الشخصية تصطدم عادة بضرورة أن تأتي الموافقة عليها وتمويلها من أفرقاء آخرين من الصعب أن يشاركوا المبدع الفرد تلك الأحلام. وفي يقيننا أن هذا الواقع على بساطته يكاد يلخص الحكاية كلها، حسبنا هنا أن نتمعن في تاريخ فاغنر ومسار إنجازاته المحققة والمجهضة لنكتشف أن الفرضية تنطبق عليه، فمشاريعه التي شكلت أحلامه تزيد أضعافاً مضاعفة عن المشاريع التي قُيّض له تحقيقها فظلت الأولى حبراً على ورق، غير أننا نعرف أن أوتو فاغنر لم يقف جامداً إزاء واقعه ذاك، بل حرك ملكة الكتابة والتحليل لديه وراح يسجل كل ما يخطر له جديداً في مجال مهنته على شكل دراسات وكتب ومحاضرات ودروس جعلته يعتبر بحق “رائد العمران الحديث” ولو بشكل نظري من دون أن يقلل ذلك من أهمية إنجازاته العمرانية الفعلية التي خلقت في فيينا وغيرها عند الزمن الفاصل بين القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين مدرسة عملية بديعة كانت تحتاج زمناً كي تفرض نفسها، بالتالي، دخلت حداثة القرن العشرين من طريق تلامذته ومتتبعي خطاه أكثر مما دخلتها من طريق منجزاته. بيانات للأزمنة الجديدة وإذا كان فاغنر قد ترك كل ذلك الكم من الدراسات والكتب ومن المشاريع المنجزة على الورق، فإن كتابه المعنون “الهندسة العمرانية الحديثة” يبقى من أعظم كتاباته النظرية هو الذي منذ صدوره عند نهايات القرن التاسع عشر تم التعامل معه بوصفه “بيان المعمار الحديث” و”فاتحة الهندسة المعمارية برسم القرن الجديد المطلّ”، ولا بدّ من الإشارة هنا الى أن صدور الكتاب أتى في مرحلة كان يكثر فيها هذا النوع من البيانات الحداثية ولا سيما في مجال العمران، إذ صدر بالتزامن مع كتابين كبيرين آخرين في الموضوع نفسه يمكن اعتبارهما متكاملين معه: كتاب العمراني “برلاغا” في أمستردام، وكتاب العمراني “فان دي فيلدي” في بروكسل. ولا يخفى على المعنيين بهذا الفن كم أثرت الكتب، البيانات الثلاثة، في نهضة العمران الأوروبي من دون أن يفوتنا اهتمام كتاب فاغنر بالبعد الاجتماعي بشكل يفوق اهتمام زميليه به. ومن هنا يمكننا القول إن كتاب فاغنر إنما كان في أساسه نوعاً من الرد على سؤال مزدوج كان هو من طرحه بنفسه منذ المقدمة: كيف نبني؟ ولمن نبني؟ ولعل أهمية هذا السؤال ترتبط بأن فاغنر في الوقت الذي كان يشتغل فيه على هذا النص المؤسس، كان منهمكاً في تشييد محطات المترو في فيينا ما يفسر البعد الاجتماعي لطروحاته. علماً أن نصوص الكتاب كانت في الأصل محاضرات له أمام طلابه ومساعديه، كان همه الأساس فيها أن يعرض ويفسر رؤيته العمرانية القائمة أساساً على رفض “الأسلبة المفرطة” من ناحية، وعلى ضرورة إخضاع المتعة الجمالية لقانون المنفعة من ناحية ثانية. دور كبير للحساسية في كتابه، يحرص فاغنر على توضيح أنه من “المستحيل العثور على جواب شاف على سؤال: كيف نبني؟، بيد أن في إمكاننا أن نلجأ إلى حساسيتنا كي تساعدنا لنتلمس منذ الآن، في الأشكال الفنية التي تولد من حولنا كل يوم، كما في تلك التي سوف تتطور انطلاقاً منها، نوعاً من التأكيد الواضح على الخط الأفقي المستعار من الماضي وعلى المسطحات الملساء كما على أقصى درجات البساطة التي سيكون من شأنها أكثر وأكثر أن تحدد تقنيات العمران المقبل والمواد المستخدمة فيه، وهي أمور تتطلبها ضروب التقدم الجديدة، وكذلك الوسائل المتاحة لنا، بمعنى أنه بات من البديهي أن الجماليات التي يعبّر بها المعماري المعاصر عن زمننا الذي نعيش فيه سوف تتوافق بالضرورة مع ذهنية الإنسان المعاصر ونوعية عيشه”. وماذا عن المثل العليا؟ وينبه فاغنر هنا إلى أن هذا لن يعني التغاضي عن المثل العليا ولا الاستنكاف عن الارتقاء بالمستوى الجمالي الإبداعي، “كل ما في الأمر، يضيف، أن الأشخاص الذين يقيّض لهم أن يقرأوا هذه الصفحات فيجدونها قادرة على أن تعزز أفكارهم وقناعاتهم، سيكتشفون أنها تتوافق مع ما بات مطلوباً من الناس أن يتفهموه من احتياجاتهم إلى الإضاءة بصورة راديكالية على مفاهيم للفنون ودورها في حياة الناس، من اللافت أنها لا تزال ضبابية حتى اليوم. بالتالي سيكون من شأنهم أن يشهدوا تلاشي بل اختفاء كل تلك النظريات المتصلبة التي ما برحت تدافع عن ماض لم تعد له أية علاقة بالإنسان المعاصر”. ويؤكد فاغنر أن المعماريين الذين سيسيرون في اتجاه التصوّر الذي يقدمه هنا سيكونون، كما حال معماريي كل الأزمنة، أبناء زمنهم، “لا سيما أن منجزاتهم ستحمل بصماتهم الشخصية. بالتالي ستقع عليهم مهمة تنوير معاصريهم وإبداع أعمالهم إبداعاً حقيقياً”، ويستطرد فاغنر أن “اللغة التي سيتكلمونها سوف تكون لغة مفهومة للإنسانية جمعاء، كما أن العالم كله سيتعرف في منجزاتهم إلى صورته الخاصة. باختصار، ستكون لهم مواصفات كل المبدعين الذين عرفتهم الأزمنة السابقة: وفي مقدمها وعي ذاتهم، وفرديتهم وقدرتهم على الاقتناع والإقناع”. زمن الصراعات الكبرى أما بالنسبة الى السابقين، فلا يفوت فاغنر أن يشير إلى أن “ضروب التقدم الحضاري المتصاعدة ستكون هي من يدلنا بوضوح على ما ينبغي علينا أن نبقيه من سابقينا أو ما يتوجب علينا تركه جانباً. ويقيناً أننا باتباع هذا المسار الصحيح سوف نتوصل إلى الهدف الذي نحدده لأنفسنا: إبداع الأشياء الجميلة والجديدة…”. ولئن كان هذا النوع من الخطاب يبدو اليوم منطقياً بل بديهياً، علينا ألا ننسى أن أوتو فاغنر قد طرحه في زمن كان يغلي بالصراعات بين القديم والجديد، بين التنميق والبساطة، باختصار: في زمن كان يتأرجح بين أزمنة متعددة، ونعرف أن نظرة فاغنر حققت انتصارها مع إطلالة القرن العشرين ولو على حساب صاحبها الذي لفرط انشغاله بالتنظير المعاصر للإبداع العمراني، ضحى بكثير من مشاريعه وأحلامه العملية، ومع هذا، لا شك أن أعمالاً كثيرة له حققها بالفعل لا تزال حتى اليوم تنضح بالحداثة والتقدم والبعد الإنساني، ومن بينها في النمسا، وحدها: ملعب فيينا، ومبنى مصرف “اللاندر”، وأكاديمية الفنون الجميلة، ومبنى صحيفة “تسايت”، ومتحف الإمبراطور فرانسوا جوزف البلدي، وكنيسة آم شتينهوف وغيرها… المزيد عن: المعماري النمساوي أوتو فاغنر\فيلم نابوليون\ستانلي كوبريك\ملعب فيينا\مصرف اللاندر\أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة\صحيفة تسايت\متحف الإمبراطور فرانز جوزيف\زها حديد 163 comments 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail admin previous post المغرب… استقرار تطبعه فوارق اجتماعية عميقة next post فلسفة الغيرية تعني اعتراف الآخر بالذات لا إلغاءها You may also like مصائد إبراهيم نصرالله تحول الرياح اللاهبة إلى نسائم 23 نوفمبر، 2024 يوري بويدا يوظف البيت الروسي 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