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Home » الشاب نجيب محفوظ – المدافع عن الله والإشتراكية

الشاب نجيب محفوظ – المدافع عن الله والإشتراكية

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كوة / مصطفى شلش

كتب الدكتور حسن طلب في تصديره لمقالات نجيب محفوظ الفلسفية في كتاب حمل عنوان “نجيب محفوظ فيلسوفًا ـ مجموعة من أهم مقالاته الفلسفية” – “من المؤكد أن الفلسفة قد خسرت أحد أبنائها الموهوبين بتحول نجيب محفوظ إلى الأدب، غير أن ما كسبته الرواية قد عوضنا بلاشك، أضعافًا مضاعفة.”في إشارة لمقالات محفوظ الفلسفية فور إلتحاقه بكلية الأداب قسم فلسفة، وانقسمت المقالات التي كتبها محفوظ في تلك الفقرة إلى عدة محاور هي: تاريخ الفلسفة، ومعنى الفلسفة، وفلسفة برجسون. واستمر محفوظ في كتابة المقال الفلسفي حتى عام 1936.

ولم تكن نقلة محفوظ إلى ميدان الأدب نابع من فكر شاعري أو نزوع مثالي، ولكن كانت نتيجة صراع فكري عانى ذروته أثناء إعداده لرسالة الماجستير عن مفهوم الجمال في الفلسفة الإسلامية، والتي كانت تحت إشراف الشيخ مصطفى عبدالرازق. وأنقطع محفوظ عن إكمال رسالة الماجستير في نصفها، قائلًا : أحسست أن كل تقدم فيها يزيد من حدة التمزق المؤلم في نفسي.

ولأدراك وفهم خبرة محفوظ الفلسفية يمكن عرض مقالاته الفلسفية بالتوازي مع رواياته التي شكلت القالب الذي صب فيه محفوظ فلسفته، وخصوصًا ثلاثيته الروائية (بين القصرين، قصر الشوق، السكرية) ورواية اللص والكلاب – التي كتبها بعد أن هجر ميدان الفلسفة مستقرًا في ميدان الأدب

السكرية – نتاج الرحيل عن الفلسفة

ظهرت حيرة محفوظ من الفلسفة ورحيله عنها في شخصية كمال أحمد عبدالجواد أحد أبطاله فيرواية السكرية كنموذج يتناول من خلاله إشكاليات فلسفية راودت محفوظ نفسه، بل يمكن أن يتجاوز الأمر الشخصية الفردية ليكون كمال نموذج لمشكلة تواجه فئة المثقفين بوجه عام حول جدوى الفلسفة.

في البداية كان السؤال الصعب ما هو الموقف من الفلسفة ؟ ، يظهر التسأل بشكل باطني، في حوار يدور في عقل كمال عبد الجواد حول الكاتب رياض قلدس (أحد شخصيات الرواية) قائلًا: “يا للغرور يكتب قصة من صفحتين كل شهر، ويظن أنه يطور البشرية، وأنا لست دونه سماجة، أني ألخص فصلًا من كتاب تاريخ الفلسفة لفنج، أطالب في أعماقي بالمساواة.” وترتفع حدة الصراع النفسي بين كمال عبد الجواد والفلسفة فيقول: ” لم يعد من الممكن أن يتعزى بالفلسفة أو يدعيها، فليس الفيلسوف من ردد قول الفلاسفة كالببغاء”.

قد تعتقد أن هذا موقف حاسم حول الفلسفة أتخذه كمال عبدالجواد، الذي يتخفى محفوظ ورائه، لكن لا، في حوار مباشر بين كمال عبدالجواد ورياض قلدس، يضع قلدس حقيقة رمادية حول كتابات كمال فيقول له: “تتبعت مقالات منذ سنوات، هي مقالات متنوعة وأحيانًا متناقضة .. فأدركت أنك مؤرخ جيد، بيد أنني حاولت عبثًا أن أهتدي إلى موقفك مما تكتب.” فيأتي الرد من كمال: “إنني سائح في متحف لا أملك فيه شيئًا، مؤرخ فحسب لا أدري أين أقف.”

يحاول قلدس أن يحل هذا الإشكال اللاأدري من الفلسفة لدى كمال فينصحه قائلًا: “تقرأ وتفهم، مؤرخ بلا تاريخ، أرجو أن تعد يوم خروجك من هذا الموقف يوم عيد ميلادك السعيد.”

يمكنا الآن أن نحدد الموقف هنا من الفلسفة لدى كمال وصانعه محفوظ أنه “اللاموقف” ، لكن تعمد محفوظ لأن ينشئ حوارات مركبة وصدامية بين شخصياته لتتكشف أبعادها أمام القارئ، ودفعه (أي القارئ) من خلال تنامي الصراع الدرامي تدريجيًا أن يُكون رأي خاص عن القضايا الفلسفية التي يطرحها (محفوظ).

وبالتوازي لو قمنا بالربط بين السكرية ورحلة محفوظ المبكرة في كتابة المقالات الفلسفية، سنجد تطابق بين كمال عبدالجواد ونجيب محفوظ من حيث التعايش مع اللاموقف والملل والعذاب الفلسفي.

الطريق إلى اللص والكلاب

أكتوبر عام 1930، في المجلة الجديدة– العدد الثاني عشر، تحت رئاسة تحرير سلامة موسى، الذي تأثر به نجيب محفوظ تأثرًا كبيرًا في مقتبل حياته، خاصة في ما يتعلق بالاشتراكية والإيمان بالعلم الحديث، والتعمق في دراسة الحضارة المصرية القديمة، والآثار الفرعونية، نشر محفوظ مقاله الأول “احتضار معتقدات وتولد معتقدات” في سن التاسعة عشر، وبدأ واثقًا في مقاله من الفكر الاشتراكي ومؤمنًا بالتطور المجتمعي وتهدم المعتقدات القديمة، ومتجاوزًا عن أي عثرات في الإشتراكية إيمانًا منه بأن العجلة لن تدور إلى الوراء حتى وإن عجزت الإشتراكية أن تحقق المرجو منها. حيث كتب:

أسباب كثيرة أخرى تجعلنا نوقن بأن المستقبل “للاشتراكية” … ثم لا يفوتنا أن نذكر أن سعادة الأشتراكية الموعودة دنيويةُ، تُنال في هذه الحياة لا في حياة أخرى، وأنها لذلك قد تعجز لسبب من الأسباب عن إنجاز وعودها تامة كاملة، وعليه فينفضّ من حولها أعظم مؤيديها حماسةً ونشاطاً.

ولكنّا لا ننسى كذلك أن الكمال في الدنيا ضربٌ من المستحيلات، وأنه وإن كانت الأشتراكية لن توصَلنا لحالة من النعيم لا مطلب خلفها، إلا أنها تستطيع أن تنتشلنا من حالتنا هذه إلى خيرٍ منها، وليست الاشتراكية نهايةَ ما يُمكن أن يتطور إليه النظام الاجتماعي، وعليه فالتطلع للأحسن سيدفعنا دائماً للتنقيب عما فيه سعادتنا ورفاهيتنا.

وجملة ما أريد أن أقوله عن هذا الأمر، أنه لو خاب أملنا في الاشتراكية بعض الخيبة، فليس معنى ذلك أننا نرغب في الرجوع إلى حالتنا الأولى السيئة، إنما يجعلنا ذلك نزيد إيمانا بالتطور، الذي هو الخالق الوحيد للاشتراكية وغيرها من الآراء والعقائد.

ولكن كان محفوظ متشكك في الجدوى الثورية أو معارض لها من أجل تحقيق التطور العمراني وتثبيت دعائم المدنية، لأن عنف الثورة قد يعيدنا للمربع صفر. حيث يصف التطور المنشود في ذهنه :

“نحن أيضا لا نتشاءم من تزعزع الإيمان بالمعتقدات القديمة، ولا نميل إلي التسليم بأن عاقبة ذلك خراب العالم، كما يدّعي كثير من المتشائمين، وكل ما في الأمر إن هو إلا ترميم في الأساس، أو هو بنيانُ أساسٍ جديدٍ متينٍ لا نتسرع في تشييده، بل نترك ذلك للتطور والزمان؛ وهما كفيلان بأن يُحققا لنا ما نحلم به من غير أن نلجأ إلى “الثورات” التي تفوز بالمرغوب، وتقهر الزمان في الظاهر، بينما هي في الحقيقة والواقع ليست إلا “تخريبا واضطرابا” لا يُسفران إلا عن تقهقر ورجوع إلي نقطة الإبتداء.”

لكن بعد ست سنوات من هذا المقال، يكتب محفوظ مقال “فكرة الله“، ليأكد بأن الدين كان وما يزال عنصرًا جوهريًا في حياة الإنسان منذ النشأة الأولي، ويشرح ما ذهب له المفكرون عن فكرة الله حيث لخصهم في ثلاث مذاهب منهم من رآه بعين الفكر والعقل والمنطق وهم جماعة الفلاسفة، ومنهم من عرض فكرته على المناهج العلمية مستعينا بالتجربة والاستقراء وهم علماء الاجتماع، ومنهم من بذل الجهد لبلوغ غايته بالقلب والشعور وهم طائفة المتصوفين.

ويبتعد محفوظ عن الفلاسفة وعلماء الإجتماع حول أن نشوء الله فكرة إنسانية ومرحلة عابرة في تطور المجتمعات، ويقترب من الصوفيين حيث يكتب : “نعم إن الله موجود في صميم القلب، وأن الله الذي تعرفنا به الكتب المقدسة فوق كل برهان أو دليل، ولا حيلة للإنسان في الإيمان به أو الإنكار له، ولكن يبقى لنا إيماننا الطبيعي الذي به نقدس ونفيد كل جليل وجميل في النفس والكون”.

وكان لهذا الصراع بين الصوفي – والمادي الإشتراكي في عقل محفوظ دور لتكوين فكرة رواية “اللص والكلاب” والحوار الصوفي – المادي بين بطل الرواية سعيد مهران والشيخ الصوفي جنيدي.

ومن خلال فصل كامل في الرواية قدم محفوظ حوار ملغز بالمعاني الصوفية والصراع المادي، وعلى الرغم من صعوبة التلاقي الفكري ظن أطراف الحديث لدى محفوظ أن كل منهما يدرك ويفهم مقصد الآخر، فسعيد مهران المتمرد الحالم بالمساواة وعودة القوة والنفوذ له يرى الشيخ الصوفي مغيب في السماء، بينما يرى الشيخ الصوفي الذي لا يريد شئ أن سعيد مهران لم يخرج من سجنه الحقيقي بعد – أي سجن المادة الدنيوية.

هكذا شكل سعيد مهران السارق في نظر المجتمع والباحث عن المساواة في نظر نفسه، الإشتراكية بين الممارسة الفردية والممارسة من الدولة، فلو قامت الدولة بالأخذ من الأغنياء صار هذا أمر جيد وتم تعريفه بـ “التأميم” ولو لجأ الأفراد لأخذ حقهم من الأغنياء صارت هذه سرقة تسوجب عقوبة. هذا كان ما يشغل بال سعيد مهران وكيف يمكن حل هذا الإشكال. وهذا ما أرق فكر محفوظ الشاب في أول مقالاته كيف يمكن أن تتم الإشتراكية بدون أي ثورة تؤدي إلى خراب.

على الجانب الآخر نجد الشيخ جنيدي الصوفي، والذي تجسد فكرة الرضا بالقدر الألهي من الأمور التي تجعل البشر يتحرروا من عبوديتهم للمادة، ويتوجهوا الله، ويتبعون الأوامر والنواهي الالهية، ووقتها فقط سيشعروا بالقوة والسكينة، فلا يجب أن تكن الزوجة أو الابناء أو النفوذ والمادة هو مبتغى الإنسان. وهذا ما توصل له نجيب محفوظ قبل رحيله عن الميدان الفلسفي.

على سبيل الخاتمة

وهكذا شكلت دراسة محفوظ الفلسفية وتجربته النفسية وصراعه مع الفلسفة والذي نتلمسه في مقالاته الأولى دعائم تجربته الروائية، وساهمت قراءة مقالاته الفلسفية في تفكيك أبعاد شخصياته وإدراك أهدافها فهي تحمل عصارة تفكير وتأمل، وقيمة فكرية وإنسانية وتاريخية مهمة تتوزع بين مجالات الحياة وجوانبها، فهي ليست مجرد مقالات كتبت في حينها ومضى عهد فائدتها وإنما هي كلمات تستحق المطالعة والدراسة.

المزيد عن : الشاب نجيب محفوظ – /المدافع عن الله والإشتراكية/ اللص والكلاب/ مصطفى شلش/ نجيب محفوظ

 

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