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Home » التاريخ المسموم يفضي إلى مأساة الفرد في روايات جبور الدويهي

التاريخ المسموم يفضي إلى مأساة الفرد في روايات جبور الدويهي

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شخصيات تغادر الوطن الغارق في حروبه إلى المنفى ثم تعود لتموت فيه

اندبندنت عربية \ شهلا العجيلي أكاديميّة وروائيّة @ShahlaUjayli

استطاع الروائي جبور الدويهي الراحل قبل أيام، أن يقدم، في سلسلة أعماله الروائية،  مأساة الفرد في لبنان، بوصفها جغرافيا مجازية لبلد ما، بعد استعماري متعدد الطوائف والانتماءات الأيديولوجية، يرث أحقاداً تعود إلى مئات من السنين الماضية منذ لحظة تفكك الإمبراطورية العثمانية، وليست الحرب الأهلية الشهيرة فيه سوى إحدى عقابيل تلك اللحظة. صنع جبور نصوصه بمحاكاة حروب متوالية يرث تشوهاتها الأبناء عن الآباء والأجداد، ولعل الحلقة الأكثر تأثيراً، التي طرحها في روايته “ملك الهند” (دار الساقي) هي فتنة عام 1860 بين الموارنة والدروز، التي خلفت تحالفات وتنافرات مازالت المنطقة تتأثر بها حتى اللحظة.

إن شجرة التاريخ الثقيلة بثمارها المسمومة تفضي إلى مأساة الفرد في نص الدويهي، فحالاتها تشتبك معه وتقرر مصيره حتى لو هاجر هرباً من لعنتها إلى أطراف العالم أو مراكزه، وهذا ما حصل مع فلومينا وحفيدها زكريا مبارك، وكان قد حصل قبل ذلك مع موسى بشارة الذي “نام ثلاثين عاماً على صدور العاهرات ثم عاد ليموت في ضيعته”. تتلبس اللعنة ذاتها مصير ريا التي لا تريد أكثر من حياة آمنة مع ولدها رامي في علية مطعمها على النهر، حيث نعيش تفاصيل الحرب الأهلية في “ريا النهر” (دار النهار).

الروائي جبور الدويهي (صفحة الكاتب على فيسبوك)

كان جبور بارعاً في ربط حلقات التاريخ عبر المآسي العائلية، وفي تحريك شخصياته من مكان إلى آخر بسهولة، أسوة بأجدادهم الفينيقيين الذين جابوا البحار والموانئ وتركوا بصماتهم عليها. وكان شجاعاً في صناعة المصادفات، إنها ليست مصادفات ساذجة إذ لا تتنافى مع الرؤية الواقعية، فنحن حين نقول إن الحياة مبنية على مجموعة مصادفات، فإننا نعبر عن انعقاد المصائر وليس على أسباب بلا مسببات. ولعل هذا التدفق في متابعة الحدث جعل جملته السردية قوية، وجعل شعرية نصه متأتية من معرفته بأصول فن الرواية الذي ليس من مقوماته شعرية اللغة بالتأكيد، بل من ربط الوثيقة باللحظة الروائية، وبالحفر في هوية الفرد في مقابل هوية الجماعة، وربط الشرق بالغرب، أي بمحاكاة الحياة بصيغة جمالية.

المرجعي والروائي

تبدو الكتابة الأدبية في زمن الحرب معاناة شائكة، لأنها قائمة في لحظة مفارقة بين المرجعي والأدبي، فالمرجعي المجتمعي يعيش دماره الحاد والمتفجر، في حين يعيش الأدبي ولادة نوعية في الثقافة. فالحرب خارج الثقافة كما تقول يمنى العيد، وقصص الحرب الأهلية والعالمية لا تنتهي في لبنان والشام بعامة، لكن النصوص التي بناها جبور ليست رد فعل مباشر للنزاع المسلح والقنص، بل هي الخلفية التي تُظهر عملية بناء المعنى الجمالي للثقافة في الحين الذي يتهدم فيه المعنى الأنثروبولوجي لها، المتعلق بحياة الفرد الفيزيائية وأحلامه وطموحاته ومستقبله وهويته. وقد تكون هذه المفارقة بين البناء والهدم تفسيراً لحيوية الكتابة في بلاد الحروب والاستعمارات، أوروبا الشرقية، وأميركا اللاتينية، وبلدان العالم العربي.

رواية “ملك الهند” (دار الساقي)

مثلما تبسط النصوص أمام المتلقي الخريطة السياسية الاجتماعية الدينية للمنطقة برؤية جمالية، تحكي الشخصيات ومن ورائها الروائي التفاصيل اليومية للناس وطقوسهم ومخاوفهم، مثل أي لبناني يرث اللغة عن أمه بأمثالها الشعبية، ومجازاتها، واستعاراتها، ويلاحق أنواع النباتات في الأراضي الممتدة في الشمال، والخرافات والرصد ولعنة الورثة والمال لدى العائلات. ويمكن أن نلحق الدويهي بفناني أصول العائلات، مثل دستويفسكي وتولستوي وبلزاك وباموق والتشكيلي جورج بهجوري، فالعائلة قد تجعلك سياسياً أو رجل أعمال، أو أبلهاً أو مجرماً أو قتيلاً.

تعيين الهوية

يتعلق السرد عند صاحب “شريد المنازل” بتعيين الهوية ومنعها من الانزلاق بين الأديان والطوائف والميليشيات، ويمتد إلى ما وراء البحار، سواء على شواطئ مرسيليا أو نيويورك. ولم تنج من هذا التعيين حتى الطفلة ماري مبارك ذات السنوات الست التي راحت ضحية صراعات هوياتية على أرض الحلم الأميركي، حينما هاجم مدرستها ستانلي جاكسون الذي يؤمن بأن العالم سينتهي مع انتهاء سيطرة العرق الأبيض على أميركا، وذلك  في ساراتوغا سبرينغز في ولاية نيويورك في “ملك الهند”.

رواية أخرى (دار الساقي)

ليس ثمة تمثيل يصوغ استراتيجيات امتلاك القوة في الجماعات المتنافسة أو المتناحرة مثل الأعمال الأدبية، وهكذا يمكن تفسير حضور أرض المحمودية، والدوز والموارنة، والقاضي والمدعي العام ومساعد الشرطة وغيرهم. فالنصوص تزاوج بين استرجاع التواريخ المكبوته التي تعنى بها الشعوب الخاضعة عادة، كما يشير فرانز فانون، وبين الانفتاح على عالم المركز الاستعماري. ليس استرجاع التواريخ المكبوتة من أجل تصنيمها، بل من أجل انتقادها من جهة، وإضفاء طابع رومانسي على النص من جهة. ينفي جبور الصنمية المذكورة بحركة أبطاله خلف الحدود، باتجاه العالم الذي يمتد إلى ما بعد موضع  البيت والعائلة، حيث تبدأ حسب هومي بابا الغرابة، وهي التي تمثل شرطاً للبدايات المتجاوزة للمناطق والعابرة للثقافات. من هذه الغرابة تتولد مغامرات فلومينا مع مسيو لاغرانج منذ القرن التاسع عشر، ومغامرات زكريا مع صاحبة نزل “دوار الشمس” ماتيلد في سان بول دو فانس في الجنوب الفرنسي، التي استل منها لوحة “الكمان الأزرق” لشاغال، ومع جاين الزوجة الأميركية ومدمنة المخدرات…

تنتهي الغرابة بالعودة المحتومة للوطن، ولا يختلف بذلك موسى بشارة الرسام العائد من نيويورك عن زكريا مبارك العائد من نيويورك أيضاً. لقد تزوجا بأجنبيتين وعادا للموت في الضيعة، في حالتين محاطتين بشبهة الانتحار، وكأن اللبناني لن يشفى من وطنه الذي لا خلاص منه إلا بوضع حد للحياة، في حين أن الآخر الفرنسي أو الأميركي لا يدرك كل هذه الصراعات القاتلة في الشرق، بل عنده كل العرب بل كل الشرقيين، هم ملوك الهند كما قال والد جاين، عامل الحديد لابنته، حين أرادت الزواج بزكريا مبارك على الرغم من أنه كنى نفسه بـ “زاك”.

الإستبصارالجندري

يهتم جبور الدويهي في نصوصه بحياة النساء اللواتي تجبرهن الحرب على البقاء وحيدات، فـ”ريا النهر” مثل مارتا المبارك، كل منهما ستتولى طلعة الرجل الميت القادم من أميركا ودفنه حين يتخلى عنه الآخرون، وستتحمل عبء من بقي من العائلة. كذلك فإن مريانا النبارة جدة موسى التي هاجرت وحدها إلى أميركا في “ريا النهر”، هي ذاتها فلومينا جدة زكريا التي هاجرت وحدها إلى أميركا في “ملك الهند”، إنهما نموذجان لنساء المرحلة التي يذكر تاريخها أن أم جبران خليل جبران هاجرت من دون رجل إلى أميركا من أجل حياة أفضل. لقد ضاقت الحياة بتلك النسوة فذهبن لجمع ثروة للعائلة من بيع ذخائر عود الصليب التي حملنها من الأرض المقدسة.

ترث النساء التقاليد حتى وإن كانت تكبلهن، في حين يتخلى عنها الرجال في أول فرصة على الرغم من أنهم يقضون حياتهم يتشدقون بها. والنساء أكثر مراعاة للرحم وحرمة الموت وواجبات الأحياء تجاه الأموات، وهن سند يحفظ المجتمع من الزوال والتلاشي والذوبان الإنساني، ويدركن مبكراً أن الموت لا يضع حداً للخلافات العائلية، ويحملن السرد بناء على ذلك الإدراك.

رواية عن الهوية اللبنانية المنفصمة (دار الساقي)

لا تفارق الشخصيات العصابية نصوص الدويهي، فأبطاله يتمسكون بطريقة مريضة بأشياء تحارب فيهم القلق والشتات. قد يكون مشبك شعر لحبيبة، أو تمثال بتهوفن الذي يرافق رامي بن ريا، أو لوحة شاغال التي ترافق زكريا، وبعد رحلة طويلة أشبه برحلة أوديسيوس، سيعودون بالقلق ذاته سواء إلى تل صفرا على طريق الشام، أو إلى زغرتا في الشمال، ليقول أحدهم بعد ثلاثين عاماً، “أنا لم أغادر هذه البلاد يوماً!”

المزيد عن: روائي لبناني\تاريخ\واقع\الحرب الأهلية\الصراع الطائفي\الهوية\شخصيات\سرد

 

 

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