كان صوته الأجش الأبح منعطفا هائلا في تاريخ الغناء إذ أضاف به عنصرا لم يكن معروفا من قبل
ولد آرمسترونغ في 4 أغسطس (آب) 1901 في نيو اورلينز، لويزيانا، لأبيه وليام آرمسترونغ وأمه ميري ألبرت اللذين كانا يعيشان في فقر مدقع. وفي عامه الثاني هجر الأب الأسرة واضطرت والدته للعمل في ماخور، فكان هو يقضي فيه بعض الوقت معها، والآخر مع جدته التي تولت تنشئته حتى سن الخامسة. وقضى الطفل سنوات صباه ومراهقته في حي بنيو اورلينز بلغ من سوء سمعته وخطورة العيش فيه أن سمّي The Battlefield (ميدان المعركة). وفي سن السادسة التحق بالمدرسة الوحيدة للتلاميذ السود في المدينة المقسمة على أسس عنصرية، وهنا لقبوه Satchmo وهي اختصار لـSatchmouth التي تعني “الفم العريض”. وكان يتعين عليه العمل اليدوي الرخيص في دار أسرة يهودية ليثوانية تسمى كانوفسكي، حتى استطاع لاحقاً الالتحاق بكلية محلية لدراسة إدارة الملاحة. لكن التكاليف العالية أجبرته على وقف هذا المشوار.
وبلغ من سحر شخصيته الطبيعي أن عائلة كانوفسكي احتضنته وصارت تعامله كأحد أبنائها رغم- أو ربما بسبب– أنها هي نفسها كانت فقيرة وتعاني من التمييز الديني ضدها من لدن البيض.
كورنيت الصفيح
في هذه الفترة تسنى له سماع موسيقى الجاز من الفرق في المواخير وصالات الرقص السوداء. وكانت ضمن هذه الأخيرة فرقة كينغ أوليفر، عازف الكورنيت، الذي بُهر به آرمسترونغ. فصنع كورنيت من الصفيح وحاول تعلم عزفه. وعندما رأى رب أسرة كانوفسكي شغفه بهذه الآلة وفّر له المال لشراء كورنيت مستعمل من متجر للرهن. (الكورنيت ابن عم الترومبيت ويتقاسم معه الشكل نفسه، وهو أصغر حجماً عموماً لكنه أطول ارتفاعاً).
استمع هنا لكينغ أوليفر الذي حرك في آرمسترونغ موهبته الموسيقية وهو يؤدي مع فرقته King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band مقطوعة باسم Too Late:
وبسبب شغفه العارم بالموسيقى، أنجز آرمسترونغ في سنوات قليلة ما ينجزه الآخرون في سنين عديدة. ولذا فلم يجد مشكلة في كسب عيشه من العزف مع مختلف الفرق سواء في المهرجانات والاحتفالات أو رحلات الزوارق أو العلب الليلية. وفي 1922 بلغت شهرته أن قدم إليه كينغ أوليفر نفسه دعوة للانضمام إلى فرقته في شيكاغو. وهنا التقى عازفة البيانو في الفرقة نفسها ليل هاردن وتزوجها في 1924. وألف الاثنان مقطوعة شهيرة في ذلك العام باسم Tears يمكنك سماعها هنا:
سيّد نفسه
كان واضحاً أن موهبة آرمسترونغ الموسيقية وطرقها أبواب الجديد في الجاز بحاجة إلى آفاق أرحب من مجرد العزف في فرقة تخضع لأمزجة صاحبها. ولذا وبتشجيع من زوجته ليل، قرر الانسلاخ عن جوقة أوليفر ليصبح سيد نفسه. فسافر إلى نيويورك وقضى سنة سجل فيها أعمالاً مع جوقات عدة قبل أن يعود إلى شيكاغو ليشكل فرقته الخاصة به، وهي Hot Five ثم Hot Seven (1925 – 1928) اللتين قدمتا له الفرصة ليظهر إبداعه المتفجر أبداً وأسلوبه الجديد في موسيقى الجاز. وربما كان حريّاً بنا أن نتوقف مهلة قصيرة لنلقي بعض الضوء على هذا الفن الفريد حتى يسهل علينا فهم المساهمة الهائلة التي قدمها آرمسترونغ إليه.
ما الجاز؟
يجد الجاز أصوله في لويزيانا، بخاصة نيو اورلينز في نهايات القرن التاسع عشر خارجاً من معطف البلوز. والبلوز شكل غنائي شعبي عفوي خرج به السود ليستعينوا به على نير العبودية فاتخذ شكله بعد ما تفاعل مع الموسيقى الكلاسيكية الغربية، وصار الجذر لسائر أشكال الموسيقى السوداء. وإذا كانت البلوز هي “التفاعل” الأسود مع الموسيقى الكلاسيكية، فإن الجاز بحق، هو الرد الأسود عليها. فهو- مثل الموسيقى الكلاسيكية- تركيب موسيقي معقد البنية والتشابك لكنه يختلف عنها في أنه ليس معلباً وإنما هو- مثل كائن حي– يتغير ويتلون تبعاً لأمزجة عازفيه وما يعن لهم في لحظة تقديمه للجمهور. ومن أهم سماته:
– أنه يعتمد على أشكال الهارموني الأكثر تعقيداً بين عدد من الآلات الموسيقية.
– بينما تجد أن الموسيقى الكلاسيكية لا تخرج مطلقاً عن الشكل الذي أُلّفت وكتبت به قيد أنملة، فإن الجاز يعتمد أولاً وأخيراً على الخلق الفوري والارتجال الذي قد يبدو فوضوياً للسامع العابر.
– إنه حوار حي متجدد بين العازفين سمته الأخذ من الآخرين والرد عليهم.
– العزف ليس على نبضات الإيقاع، وإنما في منتصف المسافة الزمنية بين كل نبضة وأخرى.
– الخروج المتعمد على السلم الموسيقي ولكن بمهارة العارف الذي يحوّل النشاذ إلى تناغم.
ولذا صار الجاز- بكل تعقيداته الهائلة هذه- ثروة قومية أميركية منذ عشرينيات القرن الماضي. لكنه، بسبب طبيعته المرتجلة، يستدعي في المستمع أذناً مرهفة قدرة على التذوق قد لا تتسنى إلا بالعشق والمداومة على السمع. شاهد هذا الفيديو القصير الذي يعرفك إلى الجاز بشكل عام:
إبداع آرمسترونغ
حوالى 1924 وضع آرمسترونغ الكورنيت (الدافئ الصوت) جانباً وتناول الترومبيت لأنه وجد في رنينه ما يتفق ومزاجه الموسيقي الجديد. والواقع أنه ترك سائر عازفي هذه الآلة وراءه بسبب ابتداعه أسلوبه الخاص الذي طوّره لنفسه. وعموماً إذا بحثت عن تميّز هذا الأسلوب عما كان الناس يسمعونه في عالم الجاز، وجدت أن آرمسترونغ كان الأول الذي نجح في جمع الجاز والبلوز في وعاء واحد. وقاده هذا للتخلي عن الـ”ستكاتو” staccato (وهو عزف النغمات منفردة وبفارق زمني صامت بينها – مثل العزف على الكمان بالسبابة بدلاً عن الوتر) السائد وقتها في عزف الآلات النحاسية عموماً، وتبنى الـ”ليغاتو”legato (عزف النغمات متصلة ومنسابة كعزف الكمان بالوتر). وأضف إلى ذلك براعته في التوزيع للـSwing (موسيقى الجاز الراقصة)، ومعرفته بـ”تدليل” النغمة أو “مهاجمتها” وقدرته على “التظليل” الموسيقي وسد الفراغات التي قد تضعف القطعة الموسيقية. وكان كل هذا غير معروف في عالم الجاز إلى أن ابتدعه واشتهر به آرمسترونغ، ليس في بلاده وحسب بل في مختلف بقاع العالم، حيث تجد مستمعين لهذا الفن، واستحق بذلك الإشارة إليه بأحد عمالقة الجاز.
ذلك الصوت الأجش
في 1931 انفصل آرمسترونغ عن زوجته ورفيقته على درب الموسيقى ليل. ومنذ 1935 حتى مماته تولى جو غليزر إدارة أعماله ففتح له الأبواب إلى محطات الراديو الموسيقية وأيضاً الطريق إلى هوليوود. وكان ظوره الأول على الشاشة في الفيلم الكوميدي Pennies from Heaven (1936) مع بينغ كروسبي وهو أحد أشهر المغنين البيض.
شاهد آرمسترونغ يؤدي أغنيته Skeleton in the Closet مع فرقته في هذا الفيلم الشهير:
وكان صوت آرمسترونغ الأجش الأبح– المعاكس بالكامل لصوت بينغ كروسبي الصافي- هو نفسه منعطفاً هائلاً في تاريخ الغناء إذ أضاف به عنصراً لم يكن معروفاً من قبل. فأدهش الناس بجمال لم يتوقعوا وجوده في الصوت الغنائي لأن ما تعودوا عليه هو النقاء والنعومة، بينما أتاهم آرمسترونغ بحنجرة بدت وكأنها مستودع للحجارة والحصى، ومع ذلك فإن ما يخرج منها يشجي الأذن ويطرب النفس. ولذا فقد صار مطلوباً أكثر من غيره لدى محطات الإذاعة ولاحقاً التلفزيون، وبالطبع هوليوود التي قدمته في أفلام أخرى عدة منها New Orleans (1947)، وHigh Socity (1956) مع الممثلة/ الأميرة غريس كيلي، و Hello, Dolly مع المغنية والممثلة الشهيرة باربرا سترايساند (1969). شاهدهما هنا يؤديان في الفيلم الأغنية التي تحمل الاسم نفسه:
وبعد صعوده في بلاده إلى أعلى قمة الشهرة ومساهمته الجبارة في نفخ روح جديدة في موسيقى الجاز المرة تلو الأخرى، انهمك آرمسترونغ في جولات عالمية مدوية النجاح أخذته إلى معظم بقاع العالم بحيث أن الحكومة الأميركية أسبغت عليه لقب “السفير” لأنه نشر فن الجاز بين ثقافات الدنيا المختلفة.
شاهده هنا يؤدي أغنيته التي صارت أشهر أناشيد السلام والتفاؤل بعالم جديد أفضل What a wonderful world
الوداع
بسبب طاقات آرمسترونغ الموسيقية الفائضة وجولاته التي لا تتوقف، نصحه الأطباء بالراحة التامة. لكنه لم يمتثل للأمر وكانت النتيجة أن نقلوه إلى المستشفى بنيويورك في مايو (أيار) 1971 بنوبة قلبية. غير أنه تعافى، وفوراً شرع في جولة جديدة لم ترحمه هذه المرة، فتوفي في منامه بالسكتة في مثل هذا اليوم عام 1971، قبيل بلوغه سن السبعين. وسار في جنازته عمالقة الموسيقى الأميركية أمثال: فرانك سيناترا، وإيلا فيتزجيرالد، وديزي غليسبي، وكاونت بيسي، وبيغي لي، إضافة إلى كوكبة عريضة من نجوم السينما والمسرح والتلفزيون، ودفن في مقبرة فلشينغ بنيويورك.
وبعد وفاته بعام حصل على أكبر جوائز غرامي “الإنجاز الحياتي”، مضافة إلى عدد هائل من الجوائز الي ظل يحصدها بين عامي 1925 و2007، في تأكيد لا يطاله الشك على عبقريته.
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