يعود سبب تراجع المياه فيه إلى تحويل إسرائيل مياه نهر الأردن إلى صحراء النقب في الجنوب
اندبندنت عربية / خليل موسى مراسل @kalilissa
بشكل متسارع يتواصل انكماش البحر الميت بعدما تقلصت مساحته بنحو 30 في المئة، جراء قطع إسرائيل مياه نهر الأردن المغذي الرئيسي له منذ أكثر من 55 سنة، الأمر الذي يهدد بتداعيات سلبية على البيئة والسياحة فيه.
وانخفض مستوى المياه في البحر الميت، الذي يعتبر أخفض منطقة في العالم، إلى 34 متراً دون مستوى سطح البحر، مسجلاً أدنى مستوياته في التاريخ.
ويعود سبب تراجع المياه في البحر الميت إلى تحويل إسرائيل مياه نهر الأردن إلى صحراء النقب في الجنوب، وزيادة مصانع استخراج الأملاح والبوتاس على شواطئه وتذبذب سقوط الأمطار.
ويعتبر نهر الأردن الرافد الرئيسي للبحر الميت، وبعدما كان يرفد البحر الميت بـ1300 مليون متر مكعب من المياه سنوياً، أصبح الآن يغذيه بأقل من مئة مليون متر مكعب. وبدأ ذلك، عام 1964، عندما أغلقت إسرائيل المخرج الجنوبي لبحيرة طبريا على نهر الأردن ومنعت تدفق مياه النهر إلى البحر الميت، لتقوم بضخ 500 مليون متر مكعب سنوياً من مياه بحيرة طبريا إلى مدن الساحل على البحر المتوسط وصحراء النقب.
ويلاحظ الزائر إلى البحر الميت انتشار مساحات رملية واسعة على شواطئه بعدما كانت تغمرها المياه. كما أصبحت المنتجعات التي كانت تطل على البحر مباشرة، بعيدة عنه وخلت من الزوار. وبدأت حفر كبيرة في الظهور خلال السنوات الماضية، بسبب تركيبة التربة الضعيفة في المنطقة بحسب ما يقول الخبراء.
ويقول خبير المياه ومدير مؤسسة مركز التطوير المائي والبيئي نادر الخطيب لـ”اندبندنت عربية”، إن البحر الميت ينخفض متراً واحداً كل سنة، وأنه فقد ثلث مساحته السطحية، مشيراً إلى أنه سينكمش إلى بحيرة صغيرة.
وأشار الخطيب إلى أن انكماش البحر الميت سيؤدي إلى تداعيات كارثية. إذ سيمنع أي عملية تنموية مستقبلية وسيزيد نسبة التصحر والأملاح في الأراضي المحيطة به، كما أنه سيدمر المنتجعات السياحية حوله.
وأضاف الخطيب أن إسرائيل تجني ملايين الدولارات من الصناعات الاستخراجية التي تقيمها في البحر الميت، حيث تستخرج الأسمدة والمغنيسيوم والبوتاسيوم وملح الطعام.
ويقول الخطيب إن الصناعات المعدنية على ضفتي البحر الميت الشرقية والغربية تُبخر نحو 400 مليون متر مكعب سنوياً، مشيراً إلى أن إسرائيل والأردن تستخدمان وسائل التبخير القديمة بدلاً من الطرق الحديثة للاستفادة من مياه البحر الميت.
وبهدف منع تقلص مساحة البحر الميت، وقعت فلسطين والأردن وإسرائيل اتفاقاً عام 2013 لربط البحرين الأحمر والميت عبر قناة مائية، وإقامة مجمع لتحلية المياه شمال مدينة العقبة الأردنية.
وبموجب الاتفاق، ستتم تحلية مياه البحر الأحمر وتوزيعها بين الأردن وإسرائيل وفلسطين، ونقل المياه المالحة في أعقاب عملية التحلية عبر قناة يصل طولها إلى 200 كيلومتر إلى البحر الميت لإنقاذه من الانحسار وانخفاض مستوى المياه فيه.
وتتعهد إسرائيل بموجب الاتفاق بتزويد الأردن أيضاً بكميات إضافية (50 مليون متر مكعب) من مياه بحيرة طبريا. لكن المشروع لا يزال في مرحلة الدراسات وطرح العطاءات.
وجاء هذا الاتفاق بعدما صدرت دراسات عن البنك الدولي تشير إلى أن وصل البحرين الميت والأحمر ببعضهما بشكل مباشر، سيؤدي إلى نتائج كارثية وسيغيّر التركيبة الكيميائية والفيزيائية للبحر الميت بسبب خلط مياهه بمياه البحر الأحمر.
المزيد عن: فلسطين/إسرائيل/البحر الميت/الأردن
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